Immune activation of murine RAW264.7 macrophages by sonicated and alkalized paramylon from Euglena gracilis
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Open Access
Immune activation of murine RAW264.7 macrophages by sonicated and alkalized paramylon from Euglena gracilis Qingqing Guo1†, Decheng Bi1†, Mingcan Wu1,2,3, Boming Yu1, Lang Hu1, Chenchen Liu1, Liang Gu1, Hui Zhu2, Anping Lei1, Xu Xu1* and Jiangxin Wang1*
Abstract Background: Euglena is a new super health food resource that is rich in the natural polysaccharide paramylon, a linear β-1,3-glucan with various biological activities including activity on the immune system in different cell lines and animals. Despite these reports, the immune regulation mechanism of paramylon is still unclear. Results: We investigate the signaling pathways paramylon impacts in immune macrophages. In RAW264.7 macrophages, sonicated and alkalized paramylon oligomers up-regulated inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and increased secretion of nitric oxide (NO), interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, in a concentrationdependent manner. In addition, paramylon activated the nuclear factor-κB(NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways and inhibiting these pathways attenuated the paramylon-induced secretion of the above immune-mediators. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that Euglena gracilis paramylon modulates the immune system via activation of the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways and thus has potential therapeutic benefits. Keywords: Paramylon, Euglena gracilis, Immune activation, Nuclear factor-κB, Mitogen-activated protein kinase, Macrophages
Background The unicellular flagellate model eukaryote Euglena gracilis produce the storage polysaccharide paramylon which consist of a linear β-1,3-glucan chain. Paramylon is essentially different from other β-glucans normally integrated in the cell walls such as in the cell walls of yeast and fungi, as it is stored in rod like bodies throughout the cytoplasm of Euglena [1–3]. Under optimal culture conditions, paramylon content can reach 50–70% of dried biomass in * Correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected] † Qingqing Guo and Decheng Bi contributed equally to this work. 1 Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Eco-environmental Science, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
some Euglena species. As they can be produced on an industrial scale in microorganisms, paramylon and other high molecular weight β-1,3-glucans are also ideal nutritional supplements. Among potential immune drugs are the β-glucans, which are a group of polysaccharide occurring in all branches of the tree of life including plants, algae, bacteria and fungi [4]. β-glucans form heterogeneous polysaccharide groups, and β-glucans have immune activity depending on their molecular structure, including size, branching frequency and conformation [4]. These β-1,3-glucans have various biological activit
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