Immune suppression by neutrophils and granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells: similarities and differences
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Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences
Review
Immune suppression by neutrophils and granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells: similarities and differences Janesh Pillay · Tamar Tak · Vera M. Kamp · Leo Koenderman
Received: 17 September 2012 / Revised: 14 January 2013 / Accepted: 30 January 2013 © The Author(s) 2013. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com
Abstract Neutrophils are essential effector cells in the host defense against invading pathogens. Recently, novel neutrophil functions have emerged in addition to their classical anti-microbial role. One of these functions is the suppression of T cell responses. In this respect, neutrophils share similarities with granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (G-MDSCs). In this review, we will discuss the similarities and differences between neutrophils and G-MDSCs. Various types of G-MDSCs have been described, ranging from immature to mature cells shaping the immune response by different immune suppressive mechanisms. However, all types of G-MDSCs share distinct features of neutrophils, such as surface markers and morphology. We propose that G-MDSCs are heterogeneous and represent novel phenotypes of neutrophils, capable of suppressing the immune response. In this review, we will attempt to clarify the differences and similarities between neutrophils and G-MDSCs and attempt to facilitate further research. Keywords Myeloid-derived suppressor cells · Neutrophil · Inflammation · Immune regulation · T-cell suppression
Introduction Neutrophils are important effector cells in the innate immune response against invading micro-organisms [1]. The cells possess multiple powerful mechanisms enabling them to migrate towards, engage with, in particular, small targets and kill them intracellularly [1]. The importance of these cells is illustrated by the fact that neutrophils and/or neutrophil-like cells have already developed early in evolution [2]. Cells with phagocytic function and neutrophil-specific proteins are now found in species ranging from simple organisms such as sea fan corrals [3] to complex organisms such as mammals [4]. The evolution from simple to complex organisms resulted in the origin of the adaptive immune system. This review will focus on recent data showing the existence of multiple functional phenotypes of neutrophils that, beyond their well-recognized anti-microbial functions, are able to steer and shape the adaptive immune system. But before reviewing these functional phenotypes in detail, it is important to first discuss recent data with respect to: (1) definitions for priming and phenotypes and (2) the life cycle and compartmentalization of neutrophils. Switching phenotype and priming: two distinct mechanisms
J. Pillay · T. Tak · V. M. Kamp · L. Koenderman (*) Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, HP. E 03.511, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands e-mail: [email protected] J. Pillay Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberg
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