Immunological and clinicopathological characteristics of C1RL in 2120 glioma patients
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Open Access
Immunological and clinicopathological characteristics of C1RL in 2120 glioma patients Junyou Wang1†, Luqing Tong2,3†, Gaojun Lin1, Hui Wang1, Liang Zhang2,4 and Xuejun Yang2*
Abstract Background: Glioma is a deadly and immunosuppressive brain tumour. Complement C1r subcomponent like (C1RL), a prognostic biomarker in several kinds of tumours, has attracted increasing attention from oncologists. However, the role of C1RL in glioma remains unclear. Methods: Through analysis of 2120 glioma patients from 5 public datasets, the relationships between C1RL expression and clinicopathological characteristics were evaluated. Furthermore, the C1RL-associated genes were screened, and Gene Ontology (GO) analysis was conducted to investigate biological process enrichment. In addition, tumour purity, leukocyte infiltration and overall survival were evaluated based on C1RL expression. Results: We found that C1RL expression was upregulated in glioblastoma (GBM), especially mesenchymal GBM and primary GBM. Increased C1RL expression accompanied the IDH1-wt phenotype in both lower grade glioma (LGG) and GBM. C1RL- associated genes were mainly enriched in biological processes related to the immune response. C1RL expression was also correlated with reduced tumour purity and increased M2 macrophage infiltration. Higher C1RL expression predicted unfavourable survival in patients with glioma and therapeutic resistance in GBM. Conclusions: Our results imply that C1RL is involved in immunological activities and is an independent unfavourable prognostic biomarker in patients with glioma. C1RL is a potential clinical immunotherapeutic target for glioma treatment in the future. Keywords: Glioma, C1RL, Immunosuppression, Unfavourable survival, Therapeutic resistance
Background Glioblastoma (GBM; WHO grade IV) and lower grade glioma (LGG; WHO grade II and III) are incurable brain tumour. Existing therapeutic strategies only prolong the survival of glioma patients to a limited extent. Patients with glioma eventually die from tumour recurrence, even with aggressive treatment. Novel therapies that have been successful in other tumours, such as PD-1 inhibition [1] and bevacizumab administration [2, 3], have * Correspondence: [email protected] † Junyou Wang and Luqing Tong contributed equally to this work. 2 Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
failed to extend the overall survival time of patients with glioma. Tumour treating fields (TTF), a novel therapy that was recently approved for GBM treatment by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), is not widely used in clinical practice because of its high price and difficult process [4, 5]. The current poor situation pushes us to explore the mechanism of glioma development and identify novel therapies. The immunosuppressive microenvironment significantly contributes to the progression and therapeutic resistance of glioma. On the one hand, glioma cel
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