Impact of necrophytoremediation on petroleum hydrocarbon degradation, ecotoxicity and soil bacterial community compositi
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Impact of necrophytoremediation on petroleum hydrocarbon degradation, ecotoxicity and soil bacterial community composition in diesel-contaminated soil Eman Koshlaf 1
&
Esmaeil Shahsavari 1 & Nagalakshmi Haleyur 1 & Andrew Mark Osborn 1 & Andrew S. Ball 1
Received: 3 October 2019 / Accepted: 18 May 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Hydrocarbon degradation is usually measured in laboratories under controlled conditions to establish the likely efficacy of a bioremediation process in the field. The present study used greenhouse-based bioremediation to investigate the effects of natural attenuation (NA) and necrophytoremediation (addition of pea straw (PS)) on hydrocarbon degradation, toxicity and the associated bacterial community structure and composition in diesel-contaminated soil. A significant reduction in total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) concentration was detected in both treatments; however, PS-treated soil showed more rapid degradation (87%) after 5 months together with a significant reduction in soil toxicity (EC50 = 91 mg diesel/kg). Quantitative PCR analysis revealed an increase in the number of 16S rRNA and alkB genes in the PS-amended soil. Substantial shifts in soil bacterial community were observed during the bioremediation, including an increased abundance of numerous hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria. The bacterial community shifted from dominance by Alphaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria in the original soil to Actinobacteria during bioremediation. The dominance of two genera of bacteria, Sphingobacteria and Betaproteobacteria, in both NA- and PS-treated soil demonstrated changes occurring within the soil bacterial community through the incubation period. Additionally, pea straw itself was found to harbour a diverse hydrocarbonoclastic community including Luteimonas, Achromobacter, Sphingomonas, Rhodococcus and Microbacterium. At the end of the experiment, PSamended soil exhibited reduced ecotoxicity and increased bacterial diversity as compared with the NA-treated soil. These findings suggest the rapid growth of species stimulated by the bioremediation treatment and strong selection for bacteria capable of degrading petroleum hydrocarbons during necrophytoremediation. Keywords Bioremediation . Bacterial community . Pea straw . Illumina
Introduction Environmental pollution is one of the major problems faced by both developing and developed industrial societies. Petroleum hydrocarbons and their derived products are the most widely distributed anthropogenic pollutants. Eightyfour million barrels of petroleum hydrocarbons are consumed worldwide per year, half of which are transported by the sea
Responsible Editor: Elena Maestri * Eman Koshlaf [email protected] 1
Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
which increases the chances of oil tanker accidents and, in turn, large-scale water and soil pollution (Rhodes 2010; Hasan et al. 2010). Petrol
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