Synthesis and Characterization of Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 Anode Materials with Enhanced High-Rate Performance in Lithium-Ion Batt
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MRS Advances © 2018 Materials Research Society DOI: 10.1557/adv.2018.247
Synthesis and Characterization of Li4Ti5O12 Anode Materials with Enhanced High-Rate Performance in Lithium-Ion Batteries Lei Wang1,ŧ, Christopher Tang2,ŧ, Kenneth J. Takeuchi1,2, Esther S. Takeuchi1,2,3, Amy C. Marschilok1,2,3,* 1
Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
2 Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
3
ŧ
Energy and Photon Sciences Directorate, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973
Equivalent contributions. * corresponding author: [email protected].
ABSTRACT
Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) represents a promising anode material for lithium ion batteries, however, it suffers from limitations associated with poor intrinsic electron conductivity as well as moderate ionic conductivity. Hence, to achieve the goal of creating LTO anodes with improved high-rate performance, we have put forth a number of targeted fundamental strategies. Herein we discuss the roles of controllably tuning (i) morphology, (ii) attachment modalities of carbon, and (iii) ion doping of the LTO material. In addition, we also demonstrated in situ studies of lithiation-driven structural transformations in LTO via a combination of X-ray absorption spectroscopy and ab initio calculations, which have been proven to be powerful tools to probe the negligible volume change and extraordinary stability of LTO upon repeated charge/discharge cycles.
INTRODUCTION Lithium titanium oxide (Li4Ti5O12) is promising anode material for lithium-ion batteries in part due to its “zero-strain” property, which is defined by a characteristic small volume change (~0.2%) upon lithiation from spinel structured Li 4Ti5O12 (LTO) to rock-salt structured Li7Ti5O12. The unique property contributes to its outstanding cycling stability and high rate capability. Other distinguishing features of LTO include its high thermal stability and high potential plateau value (1.55 V vs. Li/Li +), which circumvents solid electrolyte interphase formation while minimizing lithium dendrite deposition.[1, 2] Notably however, the inherently poor electronic conductivity (10 -13-10-9 S/cm),[3] and relatively sluggish diffusion of lithium ions (10 -8-10-13 cm2/s),[4] still limit
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the electrochemical performance and practical applications of the LTO materials. Several different methods have been utilized to mitigate these disadvantages, including but not limited to nanostructuring,[5-11] surface coating,[11] and ionic doping.[12] Specifically, nanostructuring via morphological control can effectively reduce the particle size, which in turn can effectively shorten the distance associated with Li + ion transport. Furthermore, surface coating with conductive carbon [13-15]
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