In Vitro Cytotoxicity Study of Cyclophosphamide, Etoposide and Paclitaxel on Monocyte Macrophage Cell Line Raw 264.7
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE
In Vitro Cytotoxicity Study of Cyclophosphamide, Etoposide and Paclitaxel on Monocyte Macrophage Cell Line Raw 264.7 Ankush Yadav1 • Mrinal Kanti Mandal2 • Kashyap Kumar Dubey1
Received: 6 March 2020 / Accepted: 11 June 2020 Ó Association of Microbiologists of India 2020
Abstract The presence of antineoplastic compounds in aquatic ecosystem is an emerging challenge for the society. Antineoplastic compounds released into the aquatic environment exhibit a potential threat to normal aquatic life. Particularly, antineoplastic compounds are responsible for direct or indirect interference with the cellular DNA of an organism and cause toxicity to cells. The present study focused on the assessment of in vitro toxic effect of cyclophosphamide, etoposide and paclitaxel on Raw 264.7 cell line (mouse monocyte macrophage cells). The inhibitory concentration of cyclophosphamide, etoposide, and paclitaxel was determined. The IC50 values of these compounds were 145.44, 5.40, and 69.76 lg ml-1 respectively. This is the first report on toxicity analysis of cyclophosphamide, paclitaxel and etoposide on Raw 264.7 cell line by reducing cell viability and indicating the cell cytotoxicity i.e., 69.58% for cyclophosphamide, 92.01% for etoposide and 88.85% for paclitaxel on concentration 250 lg ml-1. The results of their cytotoxicity assessment highlight the need of improvement in sewage treatment technology for the efficient removal of these compounds from aquatic environment. Keywords Anticancer compounds Cell culture Immune cells Toxicity Cell viability
& Kashyap Kumar Dubey [email protected] 1
Bioprocess Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, Haryana 123031, India
2
Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, West-Bengal 713029, India
Introduction Worldwide, cancer is the second highest non-communicable disease after cardiovascular disease. The incidence of new cancer cases in year 2012 was 14.1 million and it becomes increases to 18.07 million in the year 2018 [1]. Consequently, this increment in cancer incidence leads to the demand, production and consumption of antineoplastic drugs [2–4]. Unexpectedly, through the oncology wards of hospitals, discharge of hospitalized patients, outpatients and due to lack of treatment facility in STPs (sewage treatment plant), antineoplastic compounds are persistently coming into water bodies. Several studies investigated the presence of these compounds in aquatic the environment and the occurrence is due to persistence or recalcitrant nature of antineoplastic drugs after going through treatment plants and remain dynamic after pass through wastewater treatment plant [5–11]. Antineoplastic drugs are nonspecific in nature and have a property to kill or inhibit cell growth by blocking the cell cycle. So, due to their lack of specificity and negative interaction with cellular DNA, they are cytostatic and mutagenic for normal cells even present at very lo
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