In vitro study of photodynamic therapy with visible laser systems applied to fungal infections
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
In vitro study of photodynamic therapy with visible laser systems applied to fungal infections María Pilar Martín Santiago 1 Nancy Montero Gómez 1
&
Norbert Gutknecht 2 & Natalia Martín-Carrillo 3 & Pilar Foronda 3 & Basilio Valladares 3 &
Received: 12 July 2019 / Accepted: 10 June 2020 # Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Purpose Evaluate the “in vitro” effect of the 660-nm laser on the inactivation of planktonic cells of Candida albicans, by the application of 660-nm diode laser light (1) on its own and (2) together with photodynamic therapy using methylene blue. We will also compare the ability of microbial inactivation of the laser over octenidine dihydrochloride disinfectant. Methods This study was conducted in a laminar flow cabinet with 4 groups, divided into two: no laser groups—C. albicans suspension in saline solution (Group 1) and C. albicans suspension, with octenidine dihydrochloride antimicrobial solution (Group 2); laser groups—C. albicans suspension, using a 660-nm diode laser with photodynamic therapy and methylene blue (Group 3), and C. albicans suspension, using a 660-nm diode laser without the presence of methylene blue as photosensitizer (PS) (Group 4). They were seeded in 96 wells where we applied laser light in different light conditions in order to get reliable results. Results The results of this study demonstrate that the application of a 660-nm laser, with and without the presence of a photosensitizer, showed microbial inhibition ability against Candida albicans. Photodynamic therapy using the methylene blue photosensitizer presented an antifungal effect against Candida albicans of 100% efficacy, similar to the results obtained with octenidine dihydrochloride. Conclusions The application of photodynamic therapy has demonstrated to be a good alternative, with an effective antifungal effect against Candida albicans, avoiding the side effects on patients, like those from octenidine dihydrochloride. Keywords Candida albicans . Photodynamic therapy . Diode laser . 660 nm . Photosensitizer . Methylene blue
Introduction Fungal infections have become a major cause of morbidity, and, in particular, the opportunistic ones caused both by yeasts and filamentous fungi have increased their incidence significantly. Systemic infections of fungal origin have acquired great importance in immunocompromised patients. Bacteria and yeasts, more particularly Candida albicans, commonly inhabit the oral cavity. Under immunocompromised conditions, instantaneous outgrowth of this yeast occurs in carriers
* María Pilar Martín Santiago [email protected] 1
Clínica Proboca Canarias, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
2
Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
3
University Institute of Tropical Diseases and Public Health of the Canary Islands, University of La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Canary Islands, Spain
of C. albicans, suggesting that it is able to survive in the oral cavity with saliva as the only source of growth substrate [1]. Fungi can be found in root canals and d
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