Infarct Zone: a Novel Platform for Exosome Trade in Cardiac Tissue Regeneration
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REVIEW
Infarct Zone: a Novel Platform for Exosome Trade in Cardiac Tissue Regeneration Finosh G. Thankam 1
&
Devendra K. Agrawal 1
Received: 6 October 2019 / Accepted: 27 December 2019 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The global incidence of coronary artery diseases (CADs), especially myocardial infarction (MI), has drastically increased in recent years. Even though the conventional therapies have improved the outcomes, the post-MI complications and the increased rate of recurrence among the survivors are still alarming. Molecular events associated with the pathogenesis and the adaptive responses of the surviving myocardium are largely unknown. Focus on exosome-mediated signaling for cell-cell/matrix communications at the infarct zone reflects an emerging opportunity in cardiac regeneration. Also, cardiac tissue engineering provides promising insights for the next generation of therapeutic approaches in the management of CADs. In this article, we critically reviewed the current understanding on the biology of cardiac exosomes, therapeutic potential of exosomes, and recent developments in cardiac tissue engineering and discussed novel translational approaches based on tissue engineering and exosomes for cardiac regeneration and CADs. Keywords Cardiosomes . Exosomes . Extracellularvesicles . Infarct zone . Myocardial infarction . Tissue engineering
Abbreviations AAA+ ATPases associated with diverse cellular activities ADAM10 Disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 10 ARF6 ADP ribosylation factor 6 CABG Coronary artery bypass graft CAD Coronary artery diseases CPCs Cardiac progenitor cells CTE Cardiac tissue engineering CVDs Cardiovascular diseases ECM Extracellular matrix ESCRT Endosomal sorting complex required for transport EVs Extracellular vesicles ICAM1 Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 Associate Editor Junjie Xiao oversaw the review of this article * Devendra K. Agrawal [email protected] 1
Department of Translational Research, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 E. Second Street, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
ILV IZ LFA1 LV MI SNAP SYLT4 TGN Tsg101
Intra-luminal vesicles Infarct zone Lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 Left ventricle Myocardial infarction Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment proteins Synaptotagmin-like 4 Trans-Golgi network Tumor susceptibility gene 101
Introduction Coronary artery diseases (CADs), especially myocardial infarction (MI), are the leading cause of mortality throughout the globe and in every ~ 40 s, one MI case is reported in the USA. Also, ~ 720,000 peoples have a new cardiac event and ~ 335,000 patients suffer from recurrent attacks every year [1]. The diagnosis of MI is mainly based on the combination of electrocardiographic (ECG) findings and serum biomarkers, including troponin, creatine kinase, and others [2]. The molecular pathogenesis for acute MI has been attributed to coagulative necrosis of the myocardium [2]. The advancements in cellular and molecular biology have improved
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