Influence of chitosan-centered additives on flammable properties of vinyl ester matrix composites
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Influence of chitosan-centered additives on flammable properties of vinyl ester matrix composites M. N. Prabhakar . Jung-il Song
Received: 29 March 2020 / Accepted: 24 June 2020 Ó Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract This study focused on the effects of novel chitosan-ammonium polyphosphate, chitosan, and ammonium polyphosphate additives on the flammable properties of a vinyl ester matrix. A general mechanical process used for reinforcing additives within the matrix, and composites fabricated by the solution casting method through a general mechanical process. The influence of the additives on the resin observed through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and pore size/surface area evaluation of the additives using the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis. The effect of the different amounts (1, 2, and 3 wt%) of additives on the flammability (horizontal and vertical burn test [UL94], LOI and microcalorimeter test), thermal, and mechanical (dynamic mechanical analysis and flexural test) properties of the vinyl ester composites were investigated. Reinforcement by 3 wt% NCSAPP resulted in an excellent fire extinguishing property (UL-94) with a low peak heat release rate (451 W/g) and appreciably improved
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-03313-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. M. N. Prabhakar J. Song (&) Deparment of Mechanical Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon 51140, Republic of Korea e-mail: [email protected]
mechanical properties. Hence, this study is suitable for the development of sub-structural materials. Keywords Chitosan Ammonium polyphosphate Vinyl ester Flammability Mechanical properties Abbreviations APP Ammonium polyphosphate BET Brunauer–Emmett–Teller NCSAPP Chemically modified CS CS Chitosan FTT FAA micro calorimeter instrument FTIR Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy LOI Limited oxygen index HRR Heat release rate PHRR Peak heat release rate VE Vinyl ester XRD X-ray diffraction
Introduction The modern engineering sector greatly depends on polymer composite materials because of their unique properties including high specific stiffness, good corrosion resistance, decent mechanical properties, light weight, and low-cost (Vijay Kumar et al. 2014). It was found that, the polymer (resin) in the composite controls the uniformity and determines the properties of the product (Rozyanty et al. 2019). Hence, to carry
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out future engineering applications, polymers are regularly investigated and amended (Shangqin et al. 2019; Chintalapalli et al. 2019). Recently, specific interest has been shown in the research of special composites for thermoset polymer matrices for engineering applications because of their potential benefits compared to thermoplastic polymers (Rajaei et al. 2019; Mulli
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