Influence of Different Organic Manures and Their Combinations on Productivity and Quality of Bread Wheat
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Influence of Different Organic Manures and Their Combinations on Productivity and Quality of Bread Wheat Nauman Ali 1 & Muhammad Naeem Khan 1 & Muhammad Saeed Ashraf 1 & Sobia Ijaz 1 & Hafiz Saeed-ur-Rehman 1 & Muhammad Abdullah 2 & Noor Ahmad 1 & Hafiz Muhammad Akram 1 & Muhammad Farooq 3,4 Received: 13 January 2020 / Accepted: 10 May 2020 # Sociedad Chilena de la Ciencia del Suelo 2020
Abstract Organic manures are a vital source of plant nutrients and act as the main pillar of sustainable agriculture. This 2-year field study was done to evaluate the influence of different organic manures and their combinations on productivity and grain quality of bread wheat. In a 2-year field experiment, there were eight organic manure application treatments: (1) control (no manure), (2) press mud (PM) 10 t ha−1, (3) vermicompost (VC) 10 t ha−1, (4) farmyard manure (FYM) 10 t ha−1, (5) press mud 5 t ha−1 + vermicompost 5 t ha−1, (6) press mud 5 t ha−1 + farmyard manure 5 t ha−1, (7) vermicompost 5 t ha−1 + farmyard manure 5 t ha−1, and (8) press mud 3.3 t ha−1 + vermicompost 3.3 t ha−1 + farmyard manure 3.3 t ha−1. Overall, the increase in grain yield from organic manures application (press mud, vermicompost and farmyard manure), alone and in combinations, was VC > VC + FYM > FYM > PM + VC > PM > PM + VC + FYM > PM + FYM with 68, 66, 55, 53, 38, 36, and 30% increase as compared to control during both years. The highest improvement (14.1%) in grain protein contents was recorded from vermicompost as compared to control during both years. Application of different organic manures, alone and in combinations, were cost effective. However, the highest benefit-cost ratio (1.56) was recorded from the farmyard manure application. Sole and combined application of organic manures improved the productivity and quality of bread wheat. However, the highest productivity and profitability were recorded from the application of vermicompost and farmyard manure, respectively. Keywords Press mud . Vermicompost . Farmyard manure . Grain yield . Protein . Bread wheat
1 Introduction Ensuring a global demand of healthy and safe food for the increasing population is one of the most pressing current challenges. Therefore, enhancing crop productivity by addressing Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-020-00266-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Muhammad Farooq [email protected] 1
Agronomic Research Institute,, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan
2
Wheat Research Institute,, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan
3
Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khoud, 123 Muscat, Oman
4
Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
climate change and tackling the environment should be the focus of current agriculture research (Timsina 2018). Over the last few years, organic agriculture has emerg
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