Influence of linear-sprint performance, concentric power and maximum strength on change of direction performance in elit
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Björn Kadlubowski1,2 · Michael Keiner1 · Tobias Stefer1 · Andreas Kapsecker1 · Hagen Hartmann1 · Klaus Wirth3 1
German University of Health and Sport, Ismaning, Germany DSC Arminia Bielefeld e. V., Bielefeld, Germany 3 University of Applied Sciences Wiener Neustadt, Vienna, Austria 2
Influence of linear-sprint performance, concentric power and maximum strength on change of direction performance in elite youth soccer players Introduction Match-play demands in team sports dictate that players perform several high-intensity activities during a game (Bloomfield, Polman, & O’Donoghue, 2007; Duthie, Pyne, & Hooper, 2005). These actions are important for scoring, winning or losing duels and even determining the outcome of the game (Brughelli, Cronin, Levin, & Chaouachi, 2008). Soccer players have to accelerate, decelerate and change directions during a game (Little & Williams, 2005). In particular, change of direction (COD) performance has an essential role in soccer (Brughelli et al., 2008; Faude, Koch, & Meyer, 2012). Therefore, the testing of COD performance is of great interest for training purposes practice but is controversial. Different authors recommend different COD tests, such as the Illinois agility test (IAT) (Brughelli et al., 2008), the 505 agility test (505) (Draper & Lancaster, 1985; Emmonds, Nicholson, Begg, Jones, & Bissas, 2019), and the agility test of the German Soccer Association (GewT) (Vescovi & McGuigan, 2008). Furthermore, COD tests designed like the triangle test (TriT) are commonly used in team sport assessments (Kadlubowski, Keiner, Hartmann, Wirth, & Frick, 2019). Isolating the subcomponents involved in a COD (i.e., deceleration, change of
direction, acceleration, excluding decision making processes) assumes that a connection between COD and linear sprint (LS) performance, concentric power and maximum strength exists. In general, correlation analyses show a wide range of explained variance (r2 = 0.22 to 0.56) between linear speed (10 m and 20 m) and COD performance (Draper & Lancaster, 1985; Gabbett, Kelly, & Sheppard, 2008; Lockie, Schultz, Callaghan, Jeffriess, & Berry, 2013; Nimphius, Callaghan, Spiteri, & Lockie, 2016; Young, Miller, & Talpey, 2015). Other research shows heterogeneous results correlating jump performance and different COD tests (r2 = 0.06 to 0.83) (Alemdaroğlu, 2012; Salaj & Markovic, 2011; Schultz et al., 2015). Studies also show heterogeneous relationships between maximum strength and COD performance (r2 = 0.03 to 0.79) (Keiner, Sander, Wirth, & Schmidtbleicher, 2014; Marković, Sekulić, & Marković, 2007; Peterson, Alvar, & Rhea, 2006; Spiteri, Cochrane, Hart, Haff, & Nimphius, 2013). It is assumed that the different correlations are the result of different test protocols. However, different COD tests possess different durations, lengths, and degrees of change of direction and are therefore influenced by different variables (Kadlubowski et al., 2019; Keiner et al., 2014). A standardized considera-
tion of the tests does not seem possible, but the length and approximate total tim
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