Influence of the exchangeable cations on SO 2 adsorption capacities of clinoptilolite-rich natural zeolite
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Influence of the exchangeable cations on SO2 adsorption capacities of clinoptilolite-rich natural zeolite Meryem Sakizci · Burcu Erdo˘gan Alver · Ertu˘grul Yörüko˘gullari
Received: 22 October 2010 / Accepted: 28 February 2011 / Published online: 16 March 2011 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011
Abstract The sulfur dioxide adsorption on clinoptiloliterich tuff from Bigadiç region of Western of Turkey and its modified forms (Na+ , K+ , Ca2+ and Mg2+ ) have been studied at 273 K and 293 K up to 100 kPa. The structural properties of clinoptilolites were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR). The quantitative XRD analysis demonstrated that the Natural-B sample is mainly constituted by clinoptilolite (80–85%) with minor contents of quartz (7–8%), feldspar (5–6%) and mica-illit (4–5%). It was found out that the adsorption capacity and the affinity of SO2 with clinoptilolite samples depended mainly on the type of exchanged cations and decreased as Na-B > K-B > Mg-B > Natural-B > Ca-B for both temperature. These results show that clinoptilolite-rich zeolites are considered potentially good adsorbents for SO2 removal. Keywords Adsorption · Clinoptilolite · Sulphur dioxide · XRD · FT-IR
1 Introduction One of the most dangerous pollutants resulting from fuel combustion is known to be sulfur dioxide (SO2 ). SO2 emissions cause negative effect on human health including breathing difficulties and respiratory illnesses (Balmes et al. 1987). SO2 is a source of acid rains and can be harmful to the environment including damages to plants, animals and building materials (Srivastava 2003). Therefore, control of SO2 emissions is of great importance to avoid M. Sakizci () · B. Erdo˘gan Alver · E. Yörüko˘gullari Department of Physics, Science Faculty, Anadolu University, 26470, Eskisehir, Turkey e-mail: [email protected]
environmental damage. The designed technologies for controlling sulfur dioxide emissions from combustion of fossil fuels can be categorized into either dry or wet processes. Because of their simplicity and relatively low cost, the dry processes are generally advantageous over the wet methods. Among the dry processes, physical adsorption processes normally operated at ambient temperature proposed an alternative and promising way for emission control of SO2 from combustion of fossil fuels because of minimum energy requirements for the regeneration of the adsorbent, relatively simple design as compared with a chemical reactor and minimum waste disposal problems (Kopaç 1999; Srivastava 2003). For the reducing SO2 emissions, two types of solid adsorbents are commonly used. CaO and MgO obtained from different sources such as hydroxide, carbonate and acetates are non-regenerative solid adsorbents, whereas solid adsorbents such as zeolites, silica gel and charcoal are regenerative. Ca(OH)2 is one of the oldest sorbents (Gupta et al. 2004). However, the efficiency of SO2 removal was considerably less than other systems (Lee et al. 2006). Zeolites are alumina silicate molecular s
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