Influences of perfectionism and motivational climate on attitudes towards doping among Korean national athletes: a cross
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RESEARCH
Open Access
Influences of perfectionism and motivational climate on attitudes towards doping among Korean national athletes: a cross sectional study Moonjung Bae1, Jungjoong Yoon1, Hyunyong Kang1 and Taegyu Kim2*
Abstract Background: The motives for elite athletes to dope are related primarily to maintaining and improving their physical performance. Especially, elite athletes training to compete in the Olympics may feel unique situational pressure, which may in turn induce powerful motivation for doping and predict doping behavior. This study aimed to investigate possible factors associated with attitudes towards doping in Korean national athletes who competed in the Rio 2016 Olympic Games. Methods: A total of 198 athletes (95 female, 103 male) completed the questionnaire, which covered demographic information, doping-related experiences, Performance Enhancement Attitude Scale (PEAS), Perfectionism in Sports Scale (PSS; coach’s criticism, concern over mistakes, and personal standards), and Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire-2 (PMCSQ-2; ego-involving and task-involving climates). Pearson’s correlation coefficients were used to identify correlations among PEAS, PSS, and PMCSQ-2 scores, and stepwise multiple linear regression was performed to investigate possible factors significantly associated with attitudes towards doping. Results: The coach’s criticism of PSS was slightly or weakly related to the concern over mistakes of PSS and the ego-involving climate of PMCSQ-2, respectively. And the concern over mistakes sub-scale of perfectionism was related to attitudes towards doping, but weakly. Conclusions: Effective anti-doping policy should meet athletes’ perfectionism, and more studies that identify other factors that influence athletes’ doping attitudes are needed. Keywords: Performance enhancement, Doping behavior, Elite athlete, Rio Olympics
Background Doping formally refers to any violation of anti-doping rules set forth in the Code of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) [1]. It hurts the image of sports, is considered unsportsmanlike, and poses potentially irreversible health consequences to users [2, 3]. The efforts of the WADA and national anti-doping agencies to prevent doping, including serious disciplinary consequences for athletes who are caught, have led to rising awareness of doping and more frequent application of controls [4]. * Correspondence: [email protected] 2 Department of Marine Sports, Pukyong National University, 45, Yongso-ro, Nam-Gu, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
However, the rate of positive doping tests remains around 2% [5] and self-administrated surveys show that real rates of doping may lie between 3% and 15% [6], meaning that the doping phenomenon is still pervasive [7]. In 2015, “Anti-Doping Testing Figures” published by WADA reported that of a total of 303,369 samples analyzed, 5912 positive results (1.95%) were found [1]. In the South Korean context specifically, in 2015, the Korea
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