Information Theoretic Study of the Ground-Level Ozone and Its Precursors Over Kolkata, India, During the Summer Monsoon
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RESEARCH PAPER
Information Theoretic Study of the Ground-Level Ozone and Its Precursors Over Kolkata, India, During the Summer Monsoon Goutami Chattopadhyay1 • Subrata Kumar Midya1 • Surajit Chattopadhyay2 Received: 25 April 2020 / Accepted: 7 October 2020 Ó Shiraz University 2020
Abstract The present paper reports a study on the dependence of tropospheric ozone on some of its precursors, namely NOx, PM10, and SO2 during summer monsoon over a highly polluted Kolkata region megacity of India. The intrinsic multicollinearity has been explored through Bartlett’s sphericity test. Subsequently, principal component analysis has been implemented to identify the principal components with maximum factor loadings, and accordingly, the most influential ozone precursors have been extracted. Finally, after fitting some continuous and discrete distributions to the extracted precursors, the intrinsic uncertainty has been investigated by maximizing Shannon entropy. The normal distribution has been identified to generate the maximum entropy probability distribution for surface ozone and its precursors. Future directions have been stated at the end of the study. Keywords Ozone Principal component analysis Shannon entropy Probability distribution
1 Introduction Ozone (O3), a significant constituent of atmospheric smog (Cody et al. 1992), is a secondary pollutant formed due to photo-chemically active primary pollutants (Chameides et al. 1988; Chattopadhyay et al. 2019; Sillman 2003; Tzanis et al. 2008; Ganguly and Tzanis 2011; Varotsos et al. 2004). Photochemical oxidation of hydrocarbons and CO in the presence of NOx leads to ozone production on the troposphere. Details of the chemistry involved in the process are available in references (Varotsos and Zellner 2010; Seinfeld and Pandis 2016; Duffy 2017). Transport of O3 also takes place from the stratosphere to (Burrows et al. 1997). Examining the ozone production in the rural troposphere and the implications for regional and global ozone distributions, Liu et al. (1987) concluded that surface ozone production in rural areas might be predicted if NOx & Surajit Chattopadhyay [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Calcutta, 51/2 Hazra Road, Kolkata 700019, India
2
Department of Mathematics, Amity University Kolkata, Major Arterial Road, Action Area II, Rajarhat, New Town, Kolkata 700135, India
is known and this conclusion was further supported in a study by Cartalis and Varotsos (1991). Varotsos et al. (2014) investigated tropospheric O3 and NO2 variability over Greece to study the extent of tropospheric O3 residual dispersion over the tropospheric NO2 column. The formation of O3 in the troposphere involves a photochemical process. In this process, oxidation of hydrocarbons and CO takes place in oxides of nitrogen (NOx = NO ? NO2) (Jacob 2000; De Gouw et al. 2005; Sullivan et al. 2006; Takegawa et al. 2004; Roberts 2007; McLaren et al. 2010). The relative importa
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