Initial cellular response to laser surface engineered biomaterials
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Introduction Materials that can replace part of a living structure or biofunction are called “biomaterials” and have been widely used for dental implants, hip implants, plastic surgery, heart valves, and cardiac pacemakers.1,2 The typical size of a cell is 10–20 μm, whereas the characteristic dimensions of cell surface structures (receptors, filopodia, and lamelopodia) that interact with biomaterials or the extracellular matrix (ECM) are in the order of a few nanometers.3 Thus, by introducing microscale or nanoscale topography on biomaterials without compromising the material properties, researchers want to achieve better cellular attachment. In this way, the integration of an implant into bone or other tissues can be improved. Indeed, it is very important that the implanted material integrates in the surrounding tissue and is functional in the living tissue; in other words, the implant should be “biocompatible.” Introducing surfaces containing micro- and nanoscale features in an engineered controlled manner has already been shown to significantly affect medical implant integration into the human body.4 A key factor in this process is the initial cellular response toward the device; and to improve this interaction, different techniques such as chemical treatment, plasma
spraying, sputtering, lithography, and organic or inorganic coatings have been applied alone or in different combinations.5 One of the methods that has started to be exploited recently is laser surface engineering because of its precision, speed, and an optimal price-performance ratio. This review describes how lasers are used to modify and enhance surface properties of biomaterials. To get a better understanding of these processes, we first discuss the relevant processes that occur at the implant interface, and then provide a short overview of different techniques used to modify the surface topography. Subsequently, we will specifically focus on the laser techniques that have been developed for surface texturing by describing in vitro, pre-clinical, and clinical trials for bone tissue replacement. Finally, we will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of laser surface engineering.
Interface and initial events The success of bone as well as other implants depends on better cell-material interactions as it improves the fixation of an implant into the tissue. The process of implant integration into a tissue is complex in nature, and depending on the biocompatibility of the implant, it can lead to different final outcomes, which
Ljupcho Prodanov, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center; [email protected] Edwin Lamers, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center; [email protected] X. Frank Walboomers, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center; [email protected] John A. Jansen, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center; [email protected] DOI: 10.1557/mrs.2011.273
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MRS BULLETIN • VOLUME 36 • DECEMBER 2011 • www.mrs.org/bulletin
© 2011 Materials Research Society
INITIAL CELLULAR RESPONSE TO LASER SURFACE ENGINEERED BIOMAT
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