Inorganic solids for dual magnesium and sodium battery electrodes
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REVIEW PAPER
Inorganic solids for dual magnesium and sodium battery electrodes S. Rubio 1 & A. Medina 1 & M. Cabello 1 & P. Lavela 1 & R. Alcántara 1 & C. Pérez Vicente 1 & G. F. Ortiz 1 & J. L. Tirado 1 Received: 15 April 2020 / Revised: 21 April 2020 / Accepted: 23 April 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Despite the success of lithium-ion batteries, recognized through the award of the 2019 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, the forecast of a wide application of these systems to avoid the use of fossil fuels and their effect on global warming has raised doubts about their safety, sustainability, and performance. To make a post-lithium era possible, other reducing metals are investigated. While sodium shows certain analogies with lithium, some advantages with respect to its abundance and availability or the lack of Al alloy that could substantially reduce production costs make sodium-ion batteries a good alternative, particularly for stationary applications. On the other hand, other abundant multivalent elements such as Mg can provide even higher energy densities. The possibility of using dual ions can be a strategy to get the best of each element in a synergistic battery system. Dual Na+/Mg2+ systems have been considered a potential option by different researchers. In this review, we shall discuss different results on dual-metal-ion systems studied in our laboratory, particularly vanadium oxides and phosphates and layered manganese oxides.
Introduction In 2019, the scientific community specialized in the field of electrochemical energy storage received with great joy the Nobel Prize in Chemistry being awarded to Professors M. Stanley Whittingham, John B. Goodenough, and Akira Yoshino, for the development of lithium-ion batteries. Since 1990, Li-ion batteries have extended their use to more and more demanding applications, such as electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles, and the use of intermittent renewable energy sources. The forecast of an extensive battery application to avoid the use of fossil fuels and their effect on global warming has generated serious concerns regarding the performance, safety, and sustainability of Li-ion batteries. A post-Liion era has been postulated, in which dual-ion batteries are among other possibilities. Two different strategies fall within this category. On the one hand, dual (cation-anion) systems involve both ions in the electrochemical reactions [1–3] (Fig. 1a). In dual-metal-ion (hybrid) systems, two different metal ions participate in ether metal anode [4, 5] or rockingchair systems [6] (Fig. 1b, c, respectively), producing * J. L. Tirado [email protected] 1
Departamento de Química Inorgánica e Ingeniería Química, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Química Fina y Nanoquímica IUNAN, Campus de Rabanales, Universidad de Córdoba, Edificio Marie Curie, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
interesting synergies. The advantages of sodium regarding its abundance and availability make Na-ion batteries a strong alternative to lithium, particularly for
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