Intelligent Decision Technologies Proceedings of the 4th Internation
The Intelligent Decision Technologies (IDT) International Conference encourages an interchange of research on intelligent systems and intelligent technologies that enhance or improve decision making. The focus of IDT is interdisciplinary and includes rese
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Editors-in-Chief Prof. Robert J. Howlett KES International PO Box 2115 Shoreham-by-sea BN43 9AF UK E-mail: [email protected]
For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/8767
Prof. Lakhmi C. Jain School of Electrical and Information Engineering University of South Australia Adelaide South Australia SA 5095 Australia E-mail: [email protected]
Junzo Watada, Toyohide Watanabe, Gloria Phillips-Wren, Robert J. Howlett, and Lakhmi C. Jain (Eds.)
Intelligent Decision Technologies Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Intelligent Decision Technologies (IDT’2012) – Volume 2
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Editors Prof. Junzo Watada Waseda University Kitakyushu Japan Prof. Toyohide Watanabe Nagoya University Japan
Prof. Robert J. Howlett KES International Shoreham-by-sea United Kingdom Prof. Lakhmi C. Jain University of South Australia Adelaide Australia
Prof. Gloria Phillips-Wren Loyola University Maryland Baltimore, MD USA
ISSN 2190-3018 e-ISSN 2190-3026 ISBN 978-3-642-29919-3 e-ISBN 978-3-642-29920-9 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-29920-9 Springer Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2012937732 c Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Preface
The Intelligent Decision
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