Palicourea marcgravii (Rubiaceae) poisoning in cattle grazing in Brazil
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Palicourea marcgravii (Rubiaceae) poisoning in cattle grazing in Brazil Daniel G. Ubiali 1
&
Luiz Fernando C. G. Cardoso 2 & Cássio A. Pires 3 & Franklin Riet-Correa 4
Received: 23 January 2020 / Accepted: 10 September 2020 # Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Palicourea marcgravii is the most important poisonous plant of cattle in Brazil. It contains monofluoroacetic acid and causes sudden death associated with exercise. Herein, we describe the temporal and spatial distribution of the toxic disease. The survey was based on the epidemiological, clinical, and pathological data of the Setor de Anatomia Patológica (SAP) of the Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRuralRJ) to report outbreaks of poisoning by P. marcgravii, from 1953 to 2018. Clinical signs were peracute and included labored breathing, loss of balance, muscle tremors, lateral recumbency, and limb paddling. Gross lesions such as congestion of large vessels and edema and pulmonary congestion were observed. Multifocal areas of vacuolar hydropic degeneration of distal contorted tubule cells with nuclear pyknosis were observed in the kidneys. The plant is found in forests, and the poisoning occurs mainly after clearing forests for pasture, in areas of natural forest recovery called “capoeira,” which provide a favorable environment for maintaining P. marcgravii growth. Outbreaks of P. marcgravii poisoning coincided with periods of creation of large deforested pastures in the Southeast and Midwest regions of Brazil, and the poisoning should be considered an additional risk after deforestation. The most effective prophylaxis is fencing off the forest areas that contain these plants. Keywords Poisonous plants . Cardiotoxic plants . Sodium monofluoroacetate . Plant poisoning . Ruminants
Introduction The increase in Brazilian meat production and herd development is recognized as an essential resource in the world’s economy. Brazil has 214.69 million cattle, and all livestock agribusiness revenues R$ 597.22 billion in 2018 (Brazilian Association of Meat Exporting Industries 2019). Despite
* Daniel G. Ubiali [email protected] 1
Setor de Anatomia Patológica (SAP), Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRuralRJ), Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
2
Instituto de Florestas, UFRuralRJ, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
3
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
4
Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Estación Experimental INIA, La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay
several significant economic losses in the livestock industry, annual deaths caused by plant poisoning in Brazilian livestock were estimated at 820,761 to 1,775,763 cattle (Pessoa et al. 2013). Of that number, it was estimated that in the Brazilian Amazon region, Palicourea marcgravii was responsible for killing over 500,000 adult cattle (Tokarnia et al. 2007). P. marcgravii has several common names, mainly “ervade-rato,” “cafezinho,” “café
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