International Multidisciplinary Microscopy Congress Proceedings of I

The International Multidisciplinary Microscopy Congress (INTERM2013) was organized on October 10-13, 2013. The aim of the congress was to bring together scientists from various branches to discuss the latest advances in the field of microscopy. The conten

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Efstathios K. Polychroniadis Ahmet Yavuz Oral Mehmet Ozer Editors

International Multidisciplinary Microscopy Congress Proceedings of InterM, Antalya, Turkey, October 10–13, 2013

Springer Proceedings in Physics Volume 154

For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/361

Efstathios K. Polychroniadis Ahmet Yavuz Oral Mehmet Ozer •

Editors

International Multidisciplinary Microscopy Congress Proceedings of InterM, Antalya, Turkey, October 10–13, 2013

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Editors Efstathios K. Polychroniadis Department of Physics Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki Greece

Mehmet Ozer Department of Physics Istanbul Kultur University Istanbul Turkey

Ahmet Yavuz Oral Department of Materials Science Gebze Institute of Technology Gebze Kocaeli Turkey

ISSN 0930-8989 ISSN 1867-4941 (electronic) ISBN 978-3-319-04638-9 ISBN 978-3-319-04639-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-04639-6 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2014935986  Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

Preface

Since the seventeenth century, when the modern optical microscope was invented, scientists have variously attempted to increase their ability to get ‘‘better pictures.’’ Many techni