Intervertebral Disc Culture Models and Their Applications to Study Pathogenesis and Repair
The intervertebral disc is the largest avascular and aneural structure in the human body (Holm et al. 1981) and composed of a number of interacting and interdependent tissues. While there are numerous clinical studies of the human disc, there remains a gr
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The Intervertebral Disc Molecular and Structural Studies of the Disc in Health and Disease
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The Intervertebral Disc
Irving M. Shapiro • Makarand V. Risbud Editors
The Intervertebral Disc Molecular and Structural Studies of the Disc in Health and Disease
Editors Irving M. Shapiro Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Graduate Program in Cell and Developmental Biology Jefferson Medical College Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia PA USA
Makarand V. Risbud Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Graduate Program in Cell and Developmental Biology Jefferson Medical College Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia PA USA
ISBN 978-3-7091-1534-3 ISBN 978-3-7091-1535-0 DOI 10.1007/978-3-7091-1535-0 Springer Wien Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London
(eBook)
Library of Congress Control Number: 2013943012 © Springer-Verlag Wien 2014 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Foreword
Current understandings of the biology of the intervertebral disc is predicated on comprehension of the processes of aging in the human body. Its generalized nature has often led to flawed surgical strategies with focal attention on what is now understood to be a widespread and universal process throughout the spine. The global nature of aging and degenerative changes of the
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