Intramammary Delivery Technologies for Cattle Mastitis Treatment
Mastitis is an infection of the udder caused by bacterial pathogens entering the mammary gland via the teat canal. It is the most prevalent infectious disease in adult dairy cattle. This chapter provides an overview covering the classification of mastitis
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Intramammary Delivery Technologies for Cattle Mastitis Treatment Raid G. Alany, Sushila Bhattarai, Sandhya Pranatharthiharan, and Padma V. Devarajan
Abstract Mastitis is an infection of the udder caused by bacterial pathogens entering the mammary gland via the teat canal. It is the most prevalent infectious disease in adult dairy cattle. This chapter provides an overview covering the classification of mastitis, anatomy and physiology of the bovine udder, economic impact of mastitis, internal features and histology of the mammary gland, and therapeutic strategies with emphasis on the role of controlled drug release technologies in cattle mastitis prevention and control.
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Introduction
Mastitis is an infection of the udder caused by one of the several bacterial pathogens (streptococcus, staphylococcus, coliforms) entering the mammary gland via the teat canal when the teat sphincter is relaxed following milking or suckling. It is the most prevalent infectious disease in adult dairy cattle. Mastitis causes a huge economic loss to dairy industries all over the world [1, 2]. Many drugs of various classes, including anti-inflammatory drugs, vitamins, and vaccines have been used for the treatment of mastitis [3–5]. Mastitis is the most frequent reason for antibiotic use in dairy farms [6] and contributes to a substantial portion of the total drug and veterinary costs incurred by the dairy industry [7]. R.G. Alany (*) School of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University London, Kingston upon Thames, UK School of Pharmacy, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand e-mail: [email protected] S. Bhattarai Bomac Laboratories Limited, Bayer Animal Health New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand S. Pranatharthiharan • P.V. Devarajan Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India M.J. Rathbone and A. McDowell (eds.), Long Acting Animal Health Drug Products: Fundamentals and Applications, Advances in Delivery Science and Technology, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-4439-8_13, © Controlled Release Society 2013
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The mammary gland of the dairy cow requires a non-lactating period when approaching parturition to optimize milk production in the subsequent lactation period. This period is called “the dry period.” Generally, 40–60 days are recommended. After the dry period there is a transition from the non-lactating to the lactating state, called the prepartum period. The lactation period that follows the prepartum period lasts about 300–310 days. Prevention of new infections during drying-off period prior to the cessation of lactation is a major challenge for dairy farmers. The non-lactating udder is prone to bacterial infection, with new infection rates being highest in the early dry period and approaching parturition [8]. After drying-off, the closure of the teat canal by the formation of a keratin plug greatly influences the incidence of intramammary infections (IMIs) during the dry period. At present, antibiotic therapy at the end of lactation is th
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