Introduction to the Study of Animal Populations
In revising this book I have tried to bring the theory of environment up to date in the light of certain important criticisms that have appeared since 1961, especially in papers by T. O. Browning and D. A. Maelzer, and in the light of experience gained wh
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Introduction to the
Study of Animal Populations H.G.ANDREWARTHA Department of Zoology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia
SECOND EDITION
CHAP MAN AND HALL LTD I I NEW FETTER LANE' LONDON EC4P 4EE
First published 1961 by Methuen & Co. Ltd. Reprinted 1966,1968 Second edition 1970 Reprinted 1971 Published by Chapman & Hall Ltd. 11 New Fetter Lane, EC4P 4EE Reproduced and printed in Great Britain by Redwood Press Limited, London & Trowbridge ISBN-13: 978-0-412-11020-7 DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4613-3324-1
e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-3324-1
© 1961,1970, H. G. Andrewartha Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1961
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be produced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, 7.vithout the prior written permission of the publisher.
Contents
PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION
page xi
PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION
xii
PART I: THEORY I.
The history and scope of ecology 1.0 INTRODUCTION
3
1.1 POPULATION ECOLOGY: THE STUDY OF THE DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF ANIMALS 1.2 THE BROAD BASES FOR POPULATION ECOLOGY
I.3
HOW TO WRITE ABOUT ECOLOGY
1.4 FURTHER READING
2.
6 10 14 16
Environment 2.0 INTRODUCTION
17
2.1 THE IDEA THAT ENVIRONMENT IS DIVISIBLE INTO FIVE COMPONENTS
19
2.2 FURTHER READING
20
3. Components of environment,. resources 3.0
INTRODUCTION
3.1 RELATIVE SHORTAGES
3.11 Extrinsic relative shortages 3.12 Intrinsic relative shortages 3.121 Outbreaks of pests 3.2 ABSOLUTE SHORTAGES 3.21
Territorial behaviour in relation to re.iources
22
25 25 30
31 32 36 v
Vi
CONTENTS 3.211 3.212
Territorial behaviour in insects Territorial behaviour in vertebrates
37
40
3.3 THE DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF RESOURCES
4. Components of environment; mates 4.0 INTRODUCTION 4.1 SHORTAGE OF MATES 4.2 THE PREVALENCE OF SPARSENESS
4.3
54 54 57
ADAPTATIONS THAT INCREASE THE CHANCE OF FINDING A MATE WHEN NUMBERS ARE FEW
58
5. Components of environment; predators and pathogens: aggressors 5.0 INTRODUCTION
60
5.1 PREDATORS
61
5.11 The 'biological control' of insect pests 5.12 Predators of vertebrates 5.2 PATHOGENS
5.21 The biological control of rabbits by myxomatosis 5.22 The biological control of insect pests 5.23 The activity of pathogens
5·3
AGGRESSORS
61 67
69 69 72 75 75
6. Components of environment; weather 6.0 INTRODUCTION
85
6.1 TEMPERATURE
86
6. I I The influence of temperature on speed of development 6. II I The speed of development at constant .temperatures 6.12 The lethal influence of temperature 6.13 The limits of the tolerable zone 6.131 The influence of acclimatization on the limits of the tolerable zone 6.14 Behaviour in a gradient of temperature 6.15 Adaptations to temperature 6.2 MOISTURE 6.z1
Behaviour in relation to moisture
86 87 89 95
96 98 99 101 104
CONTENTS'
6.22
Physiological mechanisms for conserving water
'Water-balance' in aquatic animals 6.222 Conservation of water in terrestrial insects, ticks and snails 6.223
