Invasive Pathogens in Plant Biosecurity. Case Study: Citrus Biosecurity
Most of the world’s major citrus production areas were developed outside the citrus centres of origin, separated from many co-evolved natural enemies (pests and pathogens), but progressive globalisation has reunited some pests with their citrus hosts. Add
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Invasive Pathogens in Plant Biosecurity. Case Study: Citrus Biosecurity P. (Broadbent) Barkley, T. Schubert, G.C. Schutte, K. Godfrey, V. Hattingh, G. Telford, G.A.C. Beattie, and K. Hoffman
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Introduction
Citrus (Rutaceae) The Family Rutaceae (Order Sapindales) is widely distributed with centres of diversity in southern Africa and Australia (Bayer et al. 2009). The most widely used taxonomic systems for classifying citrus are Swingle and Reece (1967) and Tanaka (1977). Many species of citrus still exist in nature as wild plants or as little-altered land races. These wild species have given rise to the diversity of citrus cultivars known today. The taxonomy of citrus, and particularly cultivated P. Barkley (*) Citrus Australia Ltd, PO Box 46, Mulgoa, NSW 2745, Australia e-mail: [email protected] T. Schubert Florida Department of Agriculture & Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry, PO Box 147100, Gainesville, FL 32614-7100, USA G.C. Schutte Citrus Research International, PO Box 28, Nelspruit 1200, South Africa K. Godfrey Contained Research Facility, University of California-Davis, 555 Hopkins Road, Davis, CA 95616, USA V. Hattingh Citrus Research International, Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 2201, Matieland 7602, South Africa G. Telford Department of Agriculture, Fisheries & Forestry, Biosecurity Queensland, PO Box 1241, Oxley, QLD 4075, Australia G.A.C. Beattie University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales 2751, Australia K. Hoffman California Department of Food and Agriculture, Pest Detection and Emergency Projects, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA 95814, USA G. Gordh and S. McKirdy (eds.), The Handbook of Plant Biosecurity, DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-7365-3_18, © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2014
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forms (Bayer et al. 2009), is complicated by a long history of cultivation and wide cross-compatibility among species (Mabberley 2004). Recent work suggests that citrus comprises about 25 species (Mabberley 2004) including reunification of Eremocitrus, Fortunella, Microcitrus and Poncirus with citrus (Mabberley 1998). In a molecular analysis (Bayer et al. 2009), citrus was broadened to include Oxanthera Montrouz and Feroniella Swingle. Unless stated otherwise, classification of plants in this chapter is based on Mabberley (1997, 1998, 2004, 2008), Scott et al. (2000), Samuel et al. (2001) and Bayer et al. (2009). Commercial citrus are derived from wild species indigenous to the sub-Himalayan tract, China and western Malesia. For a history of the establishment of the major citrus industries see Tolkowsky 1938; Webber et al. 1967; Ramo´n-Laca 2003. Current world citrus production is approximately 120 million tonnes: 58 % is consumed locally, 30 % is processed and 12 % exported (Imbert 2010). Statistics on the citrus industries in each country are available at http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/ default.aspx or for production, supply and distribution for selected countries see the USDA citrus:
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