Climate Change and Plant Biosecurity: Implications for Policy
Projected future climates, such as increasing temperature, increasing atmospheric CO2, altered precipitation patterns and increases in the frequency of climatic extremes, are likely to alter the performance and distribution of crops as well as influence t
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Climate Change and Plant Biosecurity: Implications for Policy Jo Luck, Ian D. Campbell, Roger Magarey, Scott Isard, Jean-Philippe Aurambout, and Kyla Finlay
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Introduction
Climate change is a major threat to global agriculture and forestry production but it may also be considered a risk for the effective management of weeds, insects and pathogens (pests). Plant-based industries are vulnerable to climate change but limited research has addressed changes in the risks associated with pests. Understanding these threats will enable industry and quarantine agencies to better prepare and adapt to any increased risks. For example, including the projected effects of climate change in Pest Risk Analyses we highlight new and emerging biosecurity risks and changes that may be needed to pre-define quarantine zones, containment J. Luck (*) • K. Finlay Biosciences Research Division, Department of Environment and Primary Industries, Victoria AgriBio, 5 Ring Rd, La Trobe University, Bundoora, 3083 Victoria, Australia Plant Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre, Innovation Centre, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT 2617, Australia e-mail: [email protected] I.D. Campbell Integrated Natural Resources Division, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1341 Baseline Rd., Ottawa, ON K1A 0C5, Canada R. Magarey North Carolina State University and Co-operator with USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CPHST PERAL, 1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA S. Isard Departments of Plant Pathology and Meteorology, Pennsylvania State University, 205 Buckhout Lab, University Park, PA 16802, USA J.-P. Aurambout Plant Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre, Innovation Centre, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT 2617, Australia Future Farming Systems Research, Department of Primary Industries Victoria, PO Box 4166, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia G. Gordh and S. McKirdy (eds.), The Handbook of Plant Biosecurity, DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-7365-3_21, © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2014
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strategies, threat lists, industry biosecurity plans, pest management strategies and contingency plans, surveillance activities and post-entry quarantine guidelines. Climate change and increased climate variability will alter the performance and distribution of crops and the pests that may affect them. Pest outbreaks occur when changes in climatic conditions (such as temperature and moisture) are most favourable for growth, development, survival and dissemination (Aurambout et al. 2006). This may cause pests to expand their normal range into a new environment, potentially extending agricultural losses. We anticipate new pest interactions will occur and cause existing innocuous organisms to emerge as major issues, or provide conditions for introduced pests to become established. Close interactions between insects and pathogens, host plants and the environment necessitate examining the effects of climate change on the pests’s own biology and the system in which a pest interacts (Luck et al. 2011). The complexity of these interactions present
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