Investigating the activation of hydrochar from sewage sludge for the removal of terbuthylazine from aqueous solutions
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Investigating the activation of hydrochar from sewage sludge for the removal of terbuthylazine from aqueous solutions Andrea Luca Tasca1 · Monica Puccini1 · Eleonora Stefanelli1 · Riccardo Gori2 · Anna Maria Raspolli Galletti3 · Sandra Vitolo1 Received: 19 July 2019 / Accepted: 20 April 2020 © Springer Japan KK, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Hydrothermal carbonization offers the opportunity to reduce the issues related to the management of sewage sludge, enhancing dewaterability and avoiding thermal treatment prior landfill disposal or incineration, as water acts as a subcritical medium which catalyzes the process. The hydrochar obtained can find sustainable application as fuel, sorbent and soil amendment. Here, the effects of activation temperature (550–750 °C), time (1–4 h) and impregnation ratio potassium hydroxide: hydrochar (1–3), as well as their interactions, were investigated by Response Surface Methodology. The carbonaceous sorbent was then applied for the removal of terbuthylazine from aqueous solutions. Solid yields up to 32.31% were obtained, with corresponding ash content ranging from 13.05 to 35.06%. The combined effect of time and temperature significantly affects the ash content. An increase of impregnation ratio or temperature leads to low yields but high terbuthylazine adsorption, while the effect of the activation time on the pollutant removal is negligible. Up to 63.87% of the herbicide was adsorbed by the activated material, at terbuthylazine concentration of 2.5 mg L−1. The developed sorbent well fits the circular economy approach, offering a promising potential for sewage sludge management, as well as for water remediation.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-020-01045-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Monica Puccini [email protected] Andrea Luca Tasca [email protected] 1
Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino, 56122 Pisa, Italy
2
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Florence, via S. Marta 3, 50139 Florence, Italy
3
Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi, 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Vol.:(0123456789)
Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management
Graphic abstract
Keywords HTC · Design of experiments · RSM · Water treatment · Pesticide Abbreviations AC Activated hydrochar CCD Central composite design DOE Design of experiments HC Hydrochar HTC Hydrothermal carbonization RSM Response surface methodology TBA Terbuthylazine WWTP Wastewater treatment plant
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Introduction Sludge is the most abundant byproduct of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) [1]. It is a heterogeneous solid–liquid suspension with low solids content (
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