Investigation of Normal Cell and Cancer Cell Attachment and the Effects of Ganoderma Lucidum Using an Electric Impedance
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MRS Advances © 2020 Materials Research Society DOI: 10.1557/adv.2020.313
Investigation of Normal Cell and Cancer Cell Attachment and the Effects of Ganoderma Lucidum Using an Electric Impedance Sensing Technique Steffi Shi Qing Kong, Alejandra Martinez, and Maddy Behravan Converse College, Biology, Chemistry, and Physics Department, 580 East Main Street, Spartanburg, SC 29302
ABSTRACT
This research introduces an application of an electric impedance sensing technique to investigate cell attachment of normal epithelial cells (HaCAT) and cancerous cells (A431) before and after addition of Ganoderma Lucidum (reishi). In this study, an impedance sensing system is used to measure and characterize real-time changes in electric impedance (resistance and capacitance) with respect to an alternating current (AC) applied to HaCAT and A431 cell colonies. The impedance data is related to the properties of cell spreading, attachment, and delamination. The effect of reishi at dosages of 0.005, 0.01, and 0.02 mg/ml on these cellular properties was inferred from impedance data. The initial impedance data show that resistance is greater for A431 cells than HaCAT cells and that capacitance for A431 cells is less than the capacitance for HaCAT cells. Further, the data shows the resistance for HaCAT cells and for A431 cells increases with time, and the capacitance for both decreases with time. The impedance data analysis shows that reishi plays no role in altering the impedance of the cellular matrix. At most, reishi serves as a lubricant to allow partial detachment and reattachment of HaCAT cell-to-cell bonds, thus reordering (< entropy) the cellular matrix. This effect is not seen in A431 cell colonies.
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INTRODUCTION Cell attachment is an important function of the epithelial cell membrane. In the epithelial sheet, cells both attach to adjacent cells (cell junctions) and adhere to the extra cellular matrix. A healthy attachment between adjacent epithelial cells is important in maintaining normal cell structure and tissue lining. The epithelial cells form a protective monolayer that surrounds the tissue and acts as a first line of defense. As such, epithelial cells are susceptible to sacrificial damage. More than 70% of cancers are epithelial in origin [1-2]. The interaction of the epithelia with its environment may be nascent in cancer development [3]. Epithelial sheets normally remove and replace cells (e.g., cells going through apoptosis) from their layering without disrupting barrier functions [4-9]. However, cancer cells may interfere with this regeneration process and may break through the epithelial sheet by apical and basal extrusion [10]. Cancer cells that leak through the epithelial protective layer penetrate the protective tissue and enter the blood stream, resulting in metastasis. Gano
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