Nano-fibrous scaffolding architecture enhances protein adsorption and cell attachment
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Nano-fibrous scaffolding architecture enhances protein adsorption and cell attachment /
Kyung Mi Woo, Victor J. Chen, and Peter X. Ma Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, U.S.A. ABSTRACT Tissue engineering aims at resolving problems such as donor shortage and immune rejection faced in transplantation. Scaffolds (artificial extracellular matrices) play critical roles in tissue engineering. Recently, we developed nano-fibrous poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) scaffolds under the hypothesis that synthetic nano-fibrous scaffolding, mimicking the structure of natural collagen fibers, could create a more favorable microenvironment for cells. This is the first report that the nano-fibrous architecture built in three-dimensional scaffolds improved the features of protein adsorption, which mediates cell interactions with scaffolds. Scaffolds with nano-fibrous pore walls adsorbed 4 times more serum proteins than scaffolds with solid pore walls. More interestingly, the nano-fibrous architecture selectively enhanced protein adsorption including fibronectin and vitronectin, even though both scaffolds were made from the same PLLA material. Furthermore, nano-fibrous scaffolds also allowed more than 1.7 times of osteoblastic cell attachment than scaffolds with “solid” pore walls. These results demonstrate that the biomimetic nano-fibrous architecture serves as superior scaffolding for tissue engineering./ INTRODUCTION Tissue engineering is a promising approach to resolve the problems faced in transplantation including the shortage of donor tissues (organs) and immune rejection. In tissue engineering, the scaffold (artificial extracellular matrix) plays a critical role in supporting cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, differentiated function, neo tissue generation and three-dimensional (3D) organization. The scaffold is a 3D substrate for cells to attach on, serves as a template for tissue regeneration, and should finally be replaced by the cell-produced extracellular matrix. To perform these roles, a scaffold should provide a good 3D microenvironment for cell attachment, proliferation and differentiation, and should be biocompatible and biodegradable. Biodegradable polymers, either natural or synthetic, are attractive candidates because they degrade after fulfilling the scaffolding function, eventually leaving nothing foreign in the body.
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One of the major goals of tissue engineering is to generate tissues/organs mimicking their natural counter parts. One of the best approaches toward “ideal” scaffold design is the biomimetic methodology. The fiber structure of collagen has long been noticed to be important for cell attachment, proliferation, and differentiated function in tissue culture [1-3]. We hypothesized that synthetic nano-fibrous architecture could mimic the extracellular matrix microenvironment. Under this hypothesis, nano-fibrous materials were developed of synthetic biodegradable polymers in our laboratory using a phase-separation technique, to mimic
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