Investigation of oxidative stress enzymes and histological alterations in tilapia exposed to chlorpyrifos
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Investigation of oxidative stress enzymes and histological alterations in tilapia exposed to chlorpyrifos Muqadas Farhan 1 & Abdul Wajid 2 & Tanveer Hussain 3 & Farhat Jabeen 4 & Uzma Ishaque 1 & Mehwish Iftikhar 4 & Mohamed Abdel Daim 5,6 & Aasma Noureen 1 Received: 1 July 2020 / Accepted: 3 November 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Chlorpyrifos (ChF) is an organophosphate pesticide that is widely used in agricultural fields and indoor for controlling pests. Aquatic ecosystems are the recipients of various pesticide residues due to leaching spray drift and agricultural runoff and pose toxicity for aquatic organisms. Therefore, the current study was designed to investigate the oxidative stress enzymes and histological alterations in the vital organs of tilapia due to ChF exposure. LC50 (24 h) was calculated as 52.78 μg/l by exposing tilapia with different acute concentrations of ChF. For assessment of sub-lethal toxicity of ChF, the fish were divided into four groups (ChF1, ChF2, ChF3, and control group). ChF1 group was treated with 1/15th of LC50, whereas ChF2 and ChF3 groups were treated with 1/10th and 1/5th of LC50, respectively for 14 days. After that, ChF induced changes in oxidative stress enzymes and histological alterations were evaluated. It was found that the level of glutathione S-transferase (GST), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) increased significantly in the liver of ChF-treated tilapia. Histological study of liver tissues showed an increased number of Kupffer cells, hydropic degeneration, necrosis, and hemorrhage. In the spleen of treated fish, increased melanomacrophage centers, necrosis, and congestion were detected. Disorganized muscle fibers, cardiac muscle fiber degeneration, and coagulative necrosis were observed in the heart of ChF-treated fish. It is concluded that sub-lethal concentrations of ChF can induce oxidative stress and histological alterations in the tissues of tilapia. Keywords Chlorpyrifos . Sub-lethal toxicity . Tilapia . Oxidative stress . Histological alterations
Introduction
Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues * Aasma Noureen [email protected] 1
Department of Biology, Virtual University of Pakistan, Lahore, Pakistan
2
Department of Biotechnology, Virtual University of Pakistan, Lahore, Pakistan
3
Department of Molecular Biology, Virtual University Pakistan, Lahore, Pakistan
4
Department of Zoology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
5
Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
6
Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
Pesticides are the chemical substances used in the agricultural fields for protection of crops against harmful living organisms and disease (Nicolopoulou-Stamati et al. 2016). The pesticides are classified into major categories as insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, miticides, rodenticides, and nematicides (Berkoz et al. 2019). Organophos
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