Investigation of the mechanism of gamma irradiation effect on bovine bone
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Investigation of the mechanism of gamma irradiation effect on bovine bone Noor Rahman
. Rafiullah Khan . Tanvir Hussain . Nabi Ahmed
Received: 19 November 2019 / Accepted: 12 February 2020 Ó Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Radiation sterilization is an effective method of bone sterilization prior to bone graft transplantation. Gamma irradiation affects the biological and mechanical properties of bone; depending on the dose of radiation. The effect of gamma irradiation on bone mechanical properties is an unwanted phenomenon. However the mechanism of the effect of irradiation on bone mechanical properties is not properly understood. In this research paper the mechanism of the effect of gamma irradiation on bovine bone is investigated using scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-rays spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy techniques. Gamma irradiation affects the mineral and fiber composition of bovine bone. The mineral content of bone especially calcium, magnesium and phosphorus decrease with increasing dose of gamma radiation. At Nano-level gamma irradiation alter amide I, amide II and amide III collagen contents. High dose gamma irradiation induces collagen cross-linking reaction in bone and degrades bone properties. Keywords Xenograft Sterilization Gamma Surface Radiation Bone
N. Rahman (&) R. Khan T. Hussain N. Ahmed International Islamic University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan e-mail: [email protected]
Introduction Bone is a living natural composite material. Bone protects and supports different organs in vertebrate species. Daily life accidents cause the loss or damage of bone. Bone transplantation surgery is performed to replace or repair the damage bone. During bone transplantation surgery; the damage or missing bone is replaced with synthetic bone graft, autograft, allograft or xenograft. Synthetic bone graft, autograft and allograft have some issues and drawbacks. Synthetic bone graft implant is associated with high risk of blood clotting due to infection of blood with synthetic graft material. Autografting cause severe donor site pain. The new technique xenograft overcomes these issues; that’s why xenograting is becoming famous among surgeons for replacing the damage bone in vertebrates (Joshi and Thomas 2018; Vangsness et al. 2003). Bone transplantation is associated with high chance of diseases/virus transmission from donor to receiver (Buck et al. 1989). Therefore, proper sterilization of donor bone is very important and critical (Hallfeldt et al. 1995). There are several methods for bone sterilization; however gamma radiation sterilization is an effective and easy method for bone graft sterilization. Gamma radiation sterilization affects the biological and mechanical properties of bone xenograft (Nguyen et al. 2007a); the severity of the effect depends on the dose of radiation (Gibbons et al. 1991). Degradation of the bone mechanical properties during
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