Irregular structural networks of gray matter in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Irregular structural networks of gray matter in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus Chuanlong Cao 1 & Wanqing Liu 1 & Qing Zhang 1 & Jian-lin Wu 1 & Yumei Sun 1 & Danyang Li 1 & Hongyu Fan 1 & Feifei Wang 2
# Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2019
Abstract Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) induces dementia and cognitive decrements indicating the impairment of the central nervous system. While there is evidence showing abnormalities in white-matter structural networks in T2DM, the topological features of gray matter are still unknown. The study enrolled 30 right-handed T2DM patients and 20 healthy control subjects with matched age, gender, handedness, and education. Graph theoretical analysis of magnetic resonance imaging on gray matter volume was conducted to explore large-scale structural networks of brain. Although retaining small-worldness characteristics, the structural networks of grey matter in the T2DM group exhibited an increased clustering coefficient, prolonged characteristic path, decreased global efficiency, and more vulnerability to random failures or targeted attacks compared with controls. Additionally, the degree of structural networks in both T2DM and control groups was distributed exponentially in truncated power law. Our findings suggest that T2DM disturbed the overall topological features of gray matter networks, which provides a novel insight into the neurobiological mechanisms accounting for the cognitive impairment of T2DM patients. Keywords Graph theory . Structural networks . Type 2 diabetes . Network efficiency . Network robustness . Gray matter
Introduction Diabetes mellitus (DM), characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and severe damage and dysfunction of various end organs, is a major global health issue that affected roughly 113.9 million Chinese in 2013, of whom 90% were classified as type 2 diabetes (T2DM)(Xu et al. 2013). Among other symptoms, dementia and slight cognitive decrements
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11682-019-00070-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Qing Zhang [email protected] * Jian-lin Wu [email protected] 1
Department of Radiology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, No. 6, Jiefang Street, Zhongshan District, Dalian 116001, Liaoning, China
2
Department of MRI, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
constitute one of the critical manifestations of T2DM, which indicates impairment of the central nervous system (Biessels et al. 2014; McCrimmon et al. 2012). Neuroimaging studies on T2DM patients have revealed structural and functional disorder in brain regions underlying higher cognitive and emotional functions. Moreover, in structural MRI studies on T2DM using voxel-based morphometry (Chen et al. 2012; Gold et al. 2007; Novak et al. 2011) or cortical thickness analysis (Brundel et al. 2010; den Heijer et al. 2003; Espeland et al. 2013), global or
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