Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines
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Viral Infections (N Malavige, Section Editor)
Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines Vijaya Satchidanandam, Ph.D. Address Room SA07, Biology Building, Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Sir C.V. Raman Avenue, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560012, India Email: [email protected]
* Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
This article is part of the Topical Collection on Viral Infections Keywords Japanese encephalitis virus I Inactivated vaccine I Live-attenuated vaccine I Adverse reactions I Seroconversion rate I Protective efficacy
Abstract Purpose of review As an eminently vaccine-preventable disease, encephalitis caused by Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) has attracted an unusually high degree of attention from those seeking to develop viral vaccines. Since the 1950s, all types of JEV vaccines including inactivated, recombinant and live attenuated ones have been licensed. As an example of an extremely successful endeavour, the time is ripe for reviewing the development of JEV vaccines and probing the reasons behind their uniform success. Recent findings Vaccines against JEV have come a long way since the first licensing in the mid-1950s of the mouse brain-grown-inactivated virus preparations, to the present day live-attenuated virus vaccines. A survey of the various inactivated and live vaccines developed against JEV provides a striking insight into the impressive safety and efficacy of all the vaccines available to prevent encephalitis from JEV. This review juxtaposes studies to understand naturally acquired immunity against JEV that have mostly been published post-2000, compares these with those elicited by vaccines and highlights the paucity of data on cell-mediated immune responses elicited by JEV vaccines. Summary This article not only seeks to make available the immense salient literature on this endeavour in one collection, but also queries the basis for the remarkable success of JEV vaccines, not least of which may be the ease of protecting against encephalitis caused by JEV. To conclude, the true test of the ingenuity of those dedicated to the pursuit of viral vaccines would be success against viral diseases such as HIV-AIDS and dengue that pose a far greater challenge to scientists.
Viral Infections (N Malavige, Section Editor)
Introduction Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is the major etiological agent of encephalitides in Asia and some Western Pacific nations along with Northern Australia (Fig. 1). The JEV transmission cycle comprises the Culex tritaeniorhynchus or Culex vishnui mosquito species as vector which breed in stagnant water of rice fields where they encounter birds that serve as replicating hosts along with pigs. The first reported large epidemic of JEV occurred in 1924, and the first virus isolation from a post-mortem brain sample in 1934 in Japan gave us the prototype Nakayama strain [1]. A global estimate of JEV cases by Burke and Leake in the late 1980s pegged the total new cases from 16 endemic countries at approximately 50,000 a
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