Joint toxic impacts of cadmium and three pesticides on embryonic development of rare minnow ( Gobiocypris rarus )
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Joint toxic impacts of cadmium and three pesticides on embryonic development of rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) Xinfang Li 1,2 & Liangang Mao 1 & Yanning Zhang 1 & Xinquan Wang 2 & Yanhua Wang 2 & Xiaohu Wu 1,2 Received: 27 April 2020 / Accepted: 16 June 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Although rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) has been employed in many toxicological investigations, most of them have only assessed the impacts of single chemical. In our current work, we investigated the single and joint toxic impacts of heavy metal cadmium (Cd) and three pesticides (thiamethoxam, bifenthrin, and tebuconazole) on G. rarus embryos. Results from the 96-h semi-static toxicity assay exhibited that bifenthrin possessed the highest intrinsic toxic effect on rare minnows with an LC50 value of 1.86 mg L−1, followed by tebuconazole with LC50 values of 4.07 mg L−1. Contrarily, thiamethoxam elicited the least toxic effect with an LC50 value of 351.9 mg L−1. Seven chemical mixtures (four binary mixtures of Cd-bifenthrin, thiamethoxam-bifenthrin, thiamethoxam-tebuconazole, and bifenthrin-tebuconazole, two ternary mixtures of Cdthiamethoxam-tebuconazole and thiamethoxam-bifenthrin-tebuconazole, and one quaternary mixture of Cd-thiamethoxambifenthrin-tebuconazole) displayed synergistic impacts with equivalent concentration and equitoxic ratio on G. rarus. Our results offered valuable insights into ecological risk assessment of these chemical combinations to aquatic vertebrates. The simultaneous existence of a few chemicals in the aquatic ecosystem might result in elevated toxicity, leading to severe harm to the non-target organisms compared with single compound. The observed synergistic interactions underlined the necessity to revise water quality standards, in which the detrimental joint effects of these chemicals are likely to be underestimated. Keywords Joint toxicity . Synergistic effect . Aquatic toxicology . Rare minnow
Introduction
Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09769-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Yanhua Wang [email protected] * Xiaohu Wu [email protected] 1
State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
2
State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture/Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang 310021, Hangzhou, China
Large volumes of wastewater incorporating heavy metals are directly or indirectly released into the water ecosystem due to the prompt progress of industries (Yılmaz et al. 2017; Ouyang e
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