Response Patterns of Biomarkers as Tools to Identify Toxic Effects of Cadmium and Lead on Bufo gargarizans Embryo
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Response Patterns of Biomarkers as Tools to Identify Toxic Effects of Cadmium and Lead on Bufo gargarizans Embryo Rui Zheng1 · Minyao Wu1 · Hongyuan Wang1 · Jufang Peng1,2 Received: 3 December 2019 / Accepted: 19 May 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Molecular biomarkers play an increasing crucial role in evaluating and predicting toxicity of metals. Expressions patterns of genes related to oxidative stress, apoptosis, immune and inflammation response in the Bufo gargarizans embryo exhibited a development dependent manner. The genes related to oxidative stress (HSP, GPx and SOD) are the first response in the development of embryo, followed by the apoptosis (Bax, BCLAF1 and TRAIL) and inflammation and immune response (SOCS3, IL-27 and IL-17D), respectively. Then, we have verified the HSP, Bax and SOCS3 IL-27 (expressed highest in their respective processes) exhibited the most significant changes in Cd–Pb mixed group compared with control. In addition, we found exposure of Cd–Pb mixed metals causes greater adverse effects than Cd, Pb alone on development and morphology of embryo. Overall, our results provide a useful tool to use the sensitive molecular biomarkers as indicators of developmental toxicity in amphibian embryo. Keywords Molecular biomarker · Oxidative stress · Apoptosis · Immune · B. gargarizans embryo Natural aquatic ecosystem was contaminated by the chemicals such as heavy metals, pesticide residue et al. due to the anthropogenic activities in the past decades. The polluted ecosystem impairs the health of intact organisms, and causes unprecedented threaten to aquatic organisms (Ayangbenro and Babalola 2017; Martini et al. 2012). Classically, available data concerning the impacts of environmental hazard and risk assessment mainly based on observations of adverse health effects such as activities and mortality (Dondero et al. 2011; Piersma et al. 2017). However, an evaluative valid mode of organisms’ health state requires dedicated tools to assess the effect of pollutions on the aquatic organisms on the molecular level. Thus, potential sensitive molecular biomarkers used to evaluate and predict toxicity are urgently needed. Gene expression is one of the molecular biomarkers that represent the final cellular effectors, although it may not represent a direct marker of functional responses (Dondero * Jufang Peng [email protected] 1
College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
Basic Experimental Teaching Center, College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, People’s Republic of China
2
et al. 2011). Therefore, the expressions of genes become an emerging tool to investigate the toxicological effects on aquatic animals on the molecular level. Unfortunately, the information about through interactions of specific molecular biomarkers to reflect the health state of aquatic animals at early development is scant. Oxidative stress, an essential process of ontogenesis, is specifically defined as a condition resul
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