Juxtacerebral Tissue Regeneration Potential: Telocytes Contribution
It is well proved already that neurogenesis does take place in mammals’ brain, including human brain. However, neurogenesis by itself is not able to compensate for brain tissue loss in serious neurological diseases, such as stroke, brain trauma or neurode
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Juxtacerebral Tissue Regeneration Potential: Telocytes Contribution Laura Cristina Ceafalan and Bogdan Ovidiu Popescu
Abstract It is well proved already that neurogenesis does take place in mammals’ brain, including human brain. However, neurogenesis by itself is not able to compensate for brain tissue loss in serious neurological diseases, such as stroke, brain trauma or neurodegenerative disorders. Recent evidences show that neural stem cell niches are present not only in classical locations, such as subventricular or subgranular zones, but in other areas as well, including tissues contiguous to the brain (meninges and choroid plexus). In this chapter we revise the relationship of neural stem cells with interstitial cells (mainly telocytes), which we think is significant, and we describe what is known about the juxtacerebral tissue neurogenesis potential.
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Adult Neurogenesis: Biological and Therapeutical Perspectives
Discovered by Joseph Altman more than half a century ago [1], adult neurogenesis represents the formation of new neurons and glial cells from stem cells (SCs) in brains of mature mammals. Basic features of stem cells are their capacity to both self-renew and differentiate [2]. The classical neural stem cell (NCS) populations seem to be embedded in the walls of cerebral ventricles (in the so-called
L.C. Ceafalan Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Histology, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania Department of Molecular Medicine and Neuroscience, ‘Victor Babeș’ National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania B.O. Popescu (*) Department of Neurology, Colentina Clinical Hospital, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania Department of Molecular Medicine and Neuroscience, ‘Victor Babeș’ National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania e-mail: [email protected] © Springer Science+Business Media Singapore 2016 X. Wang, D. Cretoiu (eds.), Telocytes, Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 913, DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-1061-3_25
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subventricular zone (SVZ) and subgranular zone (SGZ)), and in small brains, these cells are able to proliferate and migrate through considerable distances [3]. Recently, a different neurogenic zone in the dorsal hippocampus was described – the subhippocampal zone (SHZ) [4]. A variety of experimental studies, performed mainly in rodents, suggested that different types of injuries, such as trauma or stroke, are able to trigger the proliferation of NCS progenitors [5]. However, whether secondary differentiation to specialized nervous cells occurs and how all this process is able to compensate for cell loss in brains are still to be answered [6]. Instead of literally replacing the lost cells in the central nervous system, it seems that NCS might favor neurological recovery by synthesis and release of trophic factors [7]. The brain exerts an important endogenous defense activity (EDA), and generation of new brain cells is part of EDA [8].
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