Knowledge and the Known Historical Perspectives in Epistemology

A word of warning concerning the aims of this volume is in order. Other­ wise some readers might be unpleasantly surprised by the fact that two of the chapters of an ostensibly historical book are largely topical rather than historical. They are Chapters

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The New Synthese Historical Library Texts and Studies in the History of Philosophy VOLUME 11

Series Editor: NORMAN KRETZMANN, Cornell University

Associate Editors: DANIEL ELLIOT GARBER, University o/Chicago

0/ Helsinki RICHARD SORABJI, University 0/ London

SIMO KNuUTTILA, University

Editorial Consultants: JAN A. AERTSEN, Free University, Amsterdam ROGER ARIEW, Virginia Polytechnic Institute E. JENNIFER ASHWORTH, University o/Waterloo MICHAEL AYERS, Wadham College, Oxford GAIL FINE, Cornell University

R. J. HANKINSON, University o/Texas Boston University, Finnish Academy PAUL HOFFMAN, Massachusetts Institute o/Technology DAVID KONSTAN, Brown University RICHARD H. KRAUT, University 0/ Illinois, Chicago ALAIN DE LmERA, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Sorbonne DAVIDFATENoRTON,McGilI University LUCA OBERTELLO, Universita degli Studi di Genova ELEONORE STUMP, Virginia Polytechnic Institute ALLEN WOOD, Cornell University JAAKKO HINTIKKA,

The titles published in this series are listed at the end of this volume.

JAAKKO HINTIKKA

KNOWLEDGE AND THE KNOWN Historical Perspectives in Epistemology

KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS DORDRECHT / BOSTON / LONDON

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: 74-76473

Book Information: First edition: 1974, D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, the Netherlands Second edition: 1991, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht / London / Boston

ISBN-13: 978-94-010-2219-4 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-010-2217-0 DOl: 10.1007/978-94-010-2217-0

Published by Kluwer Academic Publishers, P.O. Box 17,3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands. Kluwer Academic Publishers incorporates the publishing programmes of D. Reidel, Martinus Nijhoff, Dr W. Junk and MTP Press. Sold and distributed in the U.S.A. and Canada by Kluwer Academic Publishers, 101 Philip Drive, Norwell, MA 02061, U.S.A. In all other countries, sold and distributed by Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, P.O. Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands.

Printed on acid-free paper 02-0291-200 ts All Rights Reserved

© 1991 Kluwer Academic Publishers No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1991

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction On the Origin of the Essays CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER

1 / Knowledge and Its Objects in Plato 2/ Plato on Knowing How, Knowing That, and Knowing What 3/ Time, Truth, and Knowledge in Aristotle and Other Greek Philosophers 4/ Practical vs. Theoretical Reason - An Ambiguous Legacy 5/ 'Cogito, Ergo Sum': Inference or Performance? 6/ Kant's 'New Method of Thought' and His Theory of Mathematics 7/ Are Logical Truths Analytic? 8/ Kant on the Mathematical Method 9/ A Priori Truths and Things-In-Themselves 10/ 'Dinge an sich' Revisited II/Knowledge by Acquaintance - Individuation b