Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy: principles of the technique and future trends
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Laser‑induced breakdown spectroscopy: principles of the technique and future trends Vincenzo Palleschi1 Received: 4 April 2020 / Accepted: 7 May 2020 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract This text is intended as an introductory reading covering the principles of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), its main applications, and the most promising future trends of the technique. It could be considered as the basis of three or four lectures (6–8 h) in a university course of analytical chemistry/applied spectroscopy. Graphic abstract
Keywords Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy · Spectrochemistry · Optical emission · Elemental analysis Abbreviations CCD Charge-coupled device CF-LIBS Calibration-free LIBS CMOS Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor DP-LIBS Double-pulse LIBS DP-NELIBS Double-pulse NELIBS FWHM Full width at half maximum HH-LIBS Hand-held LIBS iCCD Intensified CCD * Vincenzo Palleschi [email protected] 1
Applied and Laser Spectroscopy Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds, National Research Council, CNR Research Area, Pisa, Italy
ICP-OES Inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy ICP-MS Inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry IR Infrared IUPAC International Unit of Pure of Applied Chemistry LA-ICP-MS Laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma– mass spectrometry LIBS Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy LIPS Laser-induced plasma spectroscopy LOD Limit of detection LOQ Limit of quantification LTE Local thermal equilibrium NELIBS Nanoparticle-enhanced LIBS
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ChemTexts
UV Ultraviolet XRF X-ray fluorescence
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a technique that was introduced, with this name, at the beginning of the 1980s by Leon J. Radziemski and Tim R. Loree [1, 2], of the Los Alamos National Laboratories, New Mexico, USA. The first “LIBS” papers, however, predate the introduction of the technique by about 20 years, just a few years after the invention of the laser [3]. In some sense, it can be affirmed that LIBS existed even before the laser, since the principles of the technique are heavily rooted on the ones at the basis of Spark/Arc optical emission spectroscopy and, more remotely in time, flame spectroscopy. In the last four decades of existence under this name, LIBS has attracted a lot of interest among the spectrochemistry scientific community. Applications of the technique have been proposed and tested in practically every field of application of analytical chemistry: for industrial and environmental diagnostics, forensic analysis, biomedicine, cultural heritage studies, and many other fields. The LIBS scientific literature is growing exponentially, with an average, in 2019, of a LIBS paper published every 15 h (according to Scopus®). LIBS is a spectrochemical technique which exploits the capability of a low energy, high power laser pulse, focused on the sample’s surface, to ablate a tiny fraction of it into a plasma, a particular state
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