Leachate and contact test with Lepidium sativum L. to assess the phytotoxicity of waste
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Leachate and contact test with Lepidium sativum L. to assess the phytotoxicity of waste M. Bożym1 · A. Król1 · K. Mizerna1 Received: 1 April 2020 / Revised: 1 October 2020 / Accepted: 6 October 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract The study evaluated the use of Lepidium sativum L. to assess the phytotoxicity of three types of waste such as hazardous waste (slags from zinc to copper smelters) and nonhazardous waste (mineral–organic composite). Previous studies evaluated heavy metal leaching and the environmental impact of the tested waste. The purpose of phytotoxicity studies was to increase knowledge about this waste. Two types of tests were used to assess the phytotoxicity of wastes: germination index and accumulation test. Both tests were carried out for leachate (leachate test) and waste (contact test). The results of both tests were compared to assess the phytotoxic effects of tested waste. Phytotoxicity tests have shown that the mineral–organic composite leachate was stimulated plant growth, copper smelter slag leachate was characterized by no phytotoxicity and zinc slag leachate inhibited the growth of plants. In contrast, contact test showed inhibitory effects from all tested waste. Wherefore, the contact test was indicated as more sensitive in the assessment of phytotoxicity. However, this is not a clear assessment, because the germination index values for both tests were a result of differences of root length for both control samples (deionized water and sand). The study confirmed the usefulness of L. sativum for the assessment of phytotoxicity of various types of waste. Additionally, it was found that L. sativum was resistant to high concentrations of heavy metals in the leachate, without causing any negative physiological effects. Keywords Lepidium sativum · Lump copper slag · Mineral–organic composite · Phytotoxicity · Sewage sludge · Inc slag
Introduction An important aspect of environmental protection is the assessment of the toxicity of waste and its impact on biota. Waste may contain toxic inorganic compounds, which include heavy metal and organic compounds. Landfilling of waste containing toxic substances can cause their leaching into groundwater. Therefore, in the assessment of waste toxicity, the content of toxic substances and their leaching should be determined. According to Polish law, leaching tests are used to classify waste into hazardous, inert and nonhazardous waste classes (Journal of Law 2015, item 1277). The classification method consists of a comparison of the pollution leaching result (liquid to solid ratio as L/S, 1/10) Editorial responsibility: Agnieszka Galuszka. * M. Bożym [email protected] 1
Opole University of Technology, Prószkowska 76 Street, 45–758 Opole, Poland
from waste with limits for one of the classes. The evaluation of leaching pollutants from landfilled waste may be carried out using several methods (e.g., TCLP, SPLP and ASTM) (Mizerna and Kuterasińska 2016; Bożym 2017; Mizerna et al. 2017; Mizerna and Król 2018; Bożym 2019). These methods are
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