Lead Pollution Causes and control
At the time of writing, the topic of lead pollution is the subject of an intense and sometimes heated debate. The argument centres upon possible adverse health effects arising from exposure of children to current environmental levels of lead. Such argumen
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University of Lancaster, Lancaster
D. P. H. Laxen M.Sc., Ph.D
University of Lancaster, Lancaster
LONDON AND NEW YORK
CHAPMAN AND HALL
First published 1981 by Chapman and Hall Ltd 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Published in the USA by Chapman and Hall in association with Methuen, Inc. 733 Third Avenue, New York NY 10017 © 1981 R. M. Harrison and D. P. H. Laxen
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st Edition 1981
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted, or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Harrison. R. M. Lead pol/ution. 1. Lead - Environmental aspects 2. Pollution 1. Title II Laxen D.P.H. 614.7 TD196.L4 80-41770 ISBN·J3: 978·94·009·5832·6 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-5830-2 DOl: 10./007/978-94-009-5830-2
Contents Preface
vii
1
Introduction References
2 2.1 2.2
Lead in the atmosphere Introduction Sources of lead in air 2.1.1 Industrial emissions 2.2.2 Fossil fuel combustion 2.2.3 Vehicular emissions Concentrations oflead in ambient air 2.3.1 Airborne lead arising from industrial emissions 2.3.2 Airborne lead arising from vehicular emissions 2.3.2.1 Inorganic lead in air 2.3.2.2 Organic lead in air 2.3.2.3 Vertical profiles oflead above a street 2.3 .2.4 Correlation of lead levels with other pollutants Particle size distributions Chemical properties of atmospheric lead 2.5.1 Smelter emissions 2.5.2 Vehicular inorganic lead 2.5.3 Organic lead References
7 7 7 7 9 10 11 12 13 13 17 21 27 27 29 29 29 31 31
Lead in water Introduction Sources of lead in surface waters 3.2.1 Point sources 3.2.1.1 Industrial effluents 3.2.1.2 Sewage effluent 3.2.2 Diffuse sources 3.2.2.1 Urban areas 3.2.2.2 Rural areas
33 33 33 34 34 34 36 37 38
2.3
2.4 2.5
3 3.1 3.2
1 6
iv 3.3
3.4
4 4.1 4.2
4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 5 5.1
5.2
Contents Concentrations of lead in water 3.3.1 Source waters 3.3.2 Receiving waters 3.3.3 Ground water 3.3.4 Sediments 3.3.5 Lead in drinking water Chemistry of lead in water 3.4.1 Solubility control 3.4.2 Suspended sediments 3.4.3 Organic matter 3.4.4 Colloidal hydrous ferric and manganese oxides 3.4.5 Mixing with seawater 3.4.6 Schemes for the determination of physico-chemical speciation References
39 40 41 43 43 45 46 47 49 49 50 51 52 53
Lead in soils Introduction Sources of lead in soil 4.2.1 Parent materials 4.2.2 Dry deposition of airborne lead 4.2.3 Wet deposition of airborne lead 4.2.4 Disposal of sewage sludge to land 4.2.5 Other sources of lead contamination of soils Concentrations of lead in soil Uptake of soil lead by living organisms Chemistry of lead in soils Lead in street dusts References
55 55 55 55 55 57 58 60 60 60 63 66 68
Control of lead in air 70 Industrial sources of lead 70 5.1.1 Mining, smelting and refining of non-ferrous metals 70 5.1.1.1 Primary smelting of lead 71 5.1.1.2 Primary smel
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