Lectures in Meteorology

Lectures in Meteorology is a comprehensive reference book for meteorologists and environmental scientists to look up material on the thermodynamics, dynamics and chemistry of the troposphere. The lectures demonstrate how to derive/develop equations – an e

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Nicole Mölders Gerhard Kramm

Lectures in Meteorology

Springer Atmospheric Sciences

For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/10176

Nicole Mölders • Gerhard Kramm

Lectures in Meteorology

123

Nicole Mölders Department of Atmospheric Sciences College of Natural Science and Mathematics Geophysical Institute University of Alaska Fairbanks Fairbanks, AK, USA

Gerhard Kramm Geophysical Institute University of Alaska Fairbanks Fairbanks, AK, USA

There are instances where we have been unable to trace or contact the copyright holder. If notified the publisher will be pleased to rectify any errors or omissions at the earliest opportunity. ISSN 2194-5217 ISSN 2194-5225 (electronic) ISBN 978-3-319-02143-0 ISBN 978-3-319-02144-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-02144-7 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2014941621 © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

To Hermann und Ilse Mölders, Anna and Wilhelm Kramm, and Kasimir E. Erdmann

Preface

Lectures in Meteorology is intended as a comprehensive reference book for meteorologists and environmental scientists to look up material. The basic concept of these lectures is that all equations are derived from