First Principles of Meteorology and Air Pollution
This book’s main objective is to decipher for the reader the main processes in the atmosphere and the quantification of air pollution effects on humans and the environment, through first principles of meteorology and modelling/measurement approaches. The
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ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION VOLUME 19
Editors Brain J. Alloway, Department of Soil Science, The University of Reading, U.K. Jack T. Trevors, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
Editorial Board I. Colbeck, Interdisciplinary Centre for Environment and Society, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, U.K. R.L. Crawford, Food Research Center (FRC) 204, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, U.S.A. W. Salomons, GKSS Research Center, Geesthacht, Germany
For other titles published in this series, go to www.springer.com/series/5929
Mihalis Lazaridis
First Principles of Meteorology and Air Pollution
Mihalis Lazaridis Technical University of Crete Department of Environmental Engineering Polytechneioupolis 73100 Chania Greece
ISSN 1566-0745 ISBN 978-94-007-0161-8 e-ISBN 978-94-007-0162-5 DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-0162-5 Springer Dordrecht New York Heidelberg London # Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011 No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Cover illustration: Cover Image # 2010 JupiterImages Corporation Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Contents
1
Description of the Earth’s Atmosphere. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1 Introduction to Atmospheric Structure and Composition . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.1 Emissions of Air Pollutants in the Atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.2 The Earth’s Atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.3 Origin and Evolution of the Atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 Atmosphere’s Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 Lower Atmosphere’s Composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.1 Dry Atmospheric Air. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.2 Water in the Atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.3 Atmospheric Aerosols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4 Vertical Division of the Atmosphere – Temperature Change. . . . . . . 1.4.1 Troposphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.2 Boundary Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.3 Stratosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.4 Mesosphere. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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