Levels of Perfluoroalkyl Acids (PFAAs) in Human Serum, Hair and Nails in Guangdong Province, China: Implications for Exp
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Levels of Perfluoroalkyl Acids (PFAAs) in Human Serum, Hair and Nails in Guangdong Province, China: Implications for Exploring the Ideal Bio‑Indicator Baolin Liu1,2 · Ruobing Zhang3 · Hong Zhang1 · Yong Yu4 · Dan Yao1 · Shaoqiang Yin1 Received: 3 March 2020 / Accepted: 23 May 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The widespread human exposure to perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) has led to increasing public concern. In this study, we present a comprehensive measurement of total fluorine (TF), extractable organic fluorine (EOF), identified organic fluorine (IOF, total concentration of identified PFAAs quantified as fluorine) and 11 target PFAAs in human serum (n = 60), hair (n = 49) and nails (n = 39) collected from non-occupation exposed volunteers in 10 cities of Guangdong Province, China. The results indicated that EOF was the major form of fluorine in serum, accounting for 70–80% of TF. The levels of IOF contributed less than 10% of EOF. Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) was found to be the dominant PFAA with mean concentration of 23 ng·mL−1 in serum, 35 ng·g−1 in hair and 33 ng·g−1 in nail, respectively. Short-chain PFAAs (C ≤ 10) were the predominant PFAAs in three matrices. Levels of PFOS, perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUdA) and perfluorotridecanoic acid (PFTrDA) in males are significantly higher than those in females (p natural hair, while IOF follows the order of nail ≈ natural hair. The higher EOF in nails compared to hair is likely due to the fact that nails have much lower growth rate than hair and more time to contact with nail beds than hair with hair follicles.
Concentrations of PFAAs in Serum, Hair and Nails Concentrations of PFAAs in serum, hair and nails are shown in Table 2. The detection frequencies of 10 PFAAs in serum decreased in the order of PFOS (100%) = PFHxS (100%) = PFOA (100%) ˃ PFDA (95%) > PFNA (93%) ˃ PFUdA (75%) ˃ PFDoA (70%) ˃ PFTrDA (68%) ˃ PFHpA (39%) ˃ PFHxA (33%). PFPeA was not detected in any of the serum sample. As the dominant PFAA in serum samples from Guangdong Province, the concentrations of PFOS ranged from 1.6 to 59 ng·mL−1 with a mean value up to 23 ng·mL−1, contributing 64% of total PFAA concentrations (Σ PFAAs). The mean serum concentrations of PFOA and PFHxS were 3.6 ng·mL−1 (0.73–9.6 ng·mL−1) and 2.9 ng·mL−1 (0.34–10 ng·mL−1), respectively. Short-chain PFAAs were the main residual species, accounting for 96% of ∑PFAAs. Seven PFAAs were detected above LODs in hair samples. The highest frequency of detection was obtained from PFOS (100%), followed by PFOA (88%), PFHxS (86%), PFHxA (67%), PFHpA (44%), PFDA (40%) and PFPeA (40%). Long-chain PFAAs (C ≥ 11) were not detected in all the hair samples. PFOS was the predominant PFAA with the mean concentrations of 35 ng·g−1 in natural hair and 36 ng·g−1 in treated hair. PFOA was another PFAA with a high concentration of 13 ng·g−1 in natural hair and 21 ng·g−1 in treated hair, respectively. PFOS and PFOA contributed 76% of Σ PFAAs in natural ha
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