Life cycle assessment and economic analysis of acidic leaching and baking routes for the production of cobalt oxalate fr
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Life cycle assessment and economic analysis of acidic leaching and baking routes for the production of cobalt oxalate from spent lithium‑ion batteries Sandeep Anwani1 · Ravi Methekar1 · Venkatasailanathan Ramadesigan2 Received: 8 November 2019 / Accepted: 3 August 2020 © Springer Japan KK, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The vast application base of lithium-ion batteries and subsequent production will inevitably lead to a large number of spent lithium-ion batteries after their useful life. Recycling of the spent lithium-ion batteries is an essential route to safeguard the environment and to have a sustainable supply of valuable metals contained by these batteries. This paper explores two routes of recycling process (acidic leaching and baking) and compares their environmental and economic impacts along with the extraction efficiency and purity of cobalt oxalate. The paper uses Box–Behnken method to optimize operating conditions of these two routes, and polynomial equation based on the experimental data of both the routes are developed for the extraction efficiency of cobalt oxalate. Various environmental indices given in GaBi software are studied for these routes. The environmental impact (GWP 100) of these two routes are found to be 4.38 and 6.37 kg C O2 equivalent. The optimum extraction efficiency and purity of the cobalt oxalate using acidic leaching route are found as 85.40 and 89.80%, whereas for the baking route, these values stand at 93.87 and 99.20%, respectively. Acidic leaching is found to be a greener route with an economic advantage over the acidic baking route. The acidic baking route may be used if we desire to have high purity cobalt oxalate, irrespective of its weaker economics and harsher environmental impact. Keywords LCA · Lithium-ion batteries · Box–Behnken method · Cobalt oxalate · Recycling
Introduction Modern portable electronics such as mobile phones, laptops, cameras use lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) because of their higher energy density, lighter weight, lower self-discharge, durability and safer operations [1]. Recently, LIBs have also found their application in electric vehicles promising a greener route for transportation. The global market size for LIBs was valued over $ 24 billion in 2016 [2] and is Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-020-01095-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Ravi Methekar [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Department of Chemical Engineering, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, South Ambazari Road, Nagpur, India
Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
2
expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 17% which will reach over $ 93.1 billion in 2025 [3]. The vast application base of the LIBs and their subsequent production will inevitably lead to a large number of spent LIBs, which need to be disposed off saf
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