Life-History Traits Response to Effects of Fish Predation (Kairomones), Fipronil and 2,4-D on Neotropical Cladoceran Cer
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Life‑History Traits Response to Effects of Fish Predation (Kairomones), Fipronil and 2,4‑D on Neotropical Cladoceran Ceriodaphnia silvestrii Raquel Aparecida Moreira1 · Odete Rocha2 · Thandy Junio da Silva Pinto1 · Laís Conceição Menezes da Silva1 · Bianca Veloso Goulart3 · Cassiana Carolina Montagner3 · Evaldo Luiz Gaeta Espindola1 Received: 19 May 2020 / Accepted: 17 August 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Aquatic environments are constantly exposed to a cocktail of contaminants mainly due to human activities. As polluted ecosystems may simultaneously present other multiple natural stressors, the objective of the present study was to evaluate joint effect of stressors (natural and anthropogenic) on life history traits of the Neotropical cladoceran, Ceriodaphnia silvestrii. For this purpose, the effects of water conditioned with predator kairomones (fish) and environmental concentrations (sublethal) of two pesticides widely used in sugarcane monoculture in Brazil, the insecticide Regent® 800 WG (active ingredient—a.i. fipronil) and the herbicide D MA® 806 BR (a.i. 2,4-D) were evaluated using chronic toxicity testing, isolated and in mixture, for this cladoceran species. The environmental risks of pesticides for tropical freshwater biota were also estimated from the risk quotient MEC/PNEC. Among the characteristics of the life history of C. silvestrii evaluated after 8 days of exposure, compared with the mean value of control, the age of primiparous females was not affected by any evaluated treatment. However, species average survival decreased in the treatment of kairomones mixed with fipronil (FK) and in the treatment with a mixture of fipronil, 2,4-D, and kairomones (MFKD). The body length of maternal females was shorter than in the control after exposure in treatments with only kairomones (K) and FK. Fecundity of this cladoceran was reduced when exposed to FK and MFKD treatments, and the intrinsic rate of population increase significantly decreased for organisms exposed to treatment with fipronil (F) and to mixtures of fipronil and 2,4-D (MFD), MFDK, and FK. The results indicated that the combination of anthropogenic and natural stressors causes changes in C. silvestrii life history traits, which can contribute to the decline in populations, and our preliminary risk assessment results are a matter of concern regarding biota conservation. In natural or human-altered environments, living beings interact with other individuals of the same or other species and are continuously exposed to chemical compounds. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-020-00754-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Raquel Aparecida Moreira [email protected] 1
NEEA/CRHEA/SHS and PPG‑SEA, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São‑carlense, 400 – Pq. Arnold Schimidt, São Carlos 13560‑970, Brazil
2
Department of Ecology and Evolut
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