Light intensity effects on the growth and biomass production of submerged macrophytes in different water strata
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Light intensity effects on the growth and biomass production of submerged macrophytes in different water strata Shuquan Jin 1 & Muhammad Ibrahim 2 & Said Muhammad 3 & Sardar Khan 4 & Gang Li 2,5 Received: 26 February 2020 / Accepted: 2 September 2020 # Saudi Society for Geosciences 2020
Abstract This study investigated the effects of light intensity on growth and biomass production of three submerged macrophyte species including Hydrilla verticillata, Vallisneria natans, and Ceratophyllum demersum in different water strata. For this purpose, water was classified into six strata designed: 5 cm, 30 cm, 60 cm, 90 cm, 120 cm, and 150 cm in the field under natural conditions. Results revealed that very high and very low heat intensity affected the growth of submerged macrophyte species differently. The growth of macrophytes was inhibited because of the high light intensity at 5 cm water strata. However, at 150-cm water strata, the macrophytes were died due to low light penetration. Among macrophyte species, the biomass production of Hydrilla verticillata and Ceratophyllum demersum was highest in the water strata at 90 cm, while Vallisneria natans were died in water strata of 120 cm due insufficient illumination. Furthermore, Hydrilla verticillata and Ceratophyllum demersum showed resilience and grown normally in later stages. The highest height of Vallisneria natans (35.3 cm), including Hydrilla verticillata (45.8 cm) and Ceratophyllum demersum (28.2 cm), was observed in water strata at 30, 60, and 60 cm. This study revealed that high and low light intensity affects the chlorophyll contents of macrophytes that results an impact on their growth and biomass production. Keywords Lake ecosystem . Light effect . Macrophytes . Growth . Biomass production
Introduction Responsible editor: Amjad Kallel * Said Muhammad [email protected] * Sardar Khan [email protected] * Gang Li [email protected] 1
Ecology and Environment Institute, Ningbo Academy of Agricultural Science, Ningbo 315040, China
2
Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, People’s Republic of China
3
National Centre of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25130, Pakistan
4
Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
5
Zhejiang Key Lab of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, Ningbo Urban Environmental Observatory and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315830, People’s Republic of China
The submerged macrophytes play a key role in the inland aquatic ecosystems (river and lakes) and are critical part of food webs (Liu et al. 2020; Townsend et al. 2018; Vanderstukken et al. 2011). Submerged macrophytes are the main primary producers that provide food and habitat to microorganisms and aquatic animals present in rivers and lakes (Gu et al. 2016). Submerged macrophytes can adsorb and fix the suspended sediments and also improve t
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