Local-Level Water Conservation Assessment in the Upstream Watershed Based on Land-Use Scenarios
To assess the effects of differences in land use in a mountainous sub-watershed on water conservation, namely, hydrological services like flood control and groundwater recharge, first, this chapter aims to present a water balance analysis in two sub-water
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Local-Level Water Conservation Assessment in the Upstream Watershed Based on Land-Use Scenarios Hiroki Oue and Sanz Grifrio Limin
Abstract To assess the effects of differences in land use in a mountainous subwatershed on water conservation, namely, hydrological services like flood control and groundwater recharge, first, this chapter aims to present a water balance analysis in two sub-watersheds located upstream of the Saba River watershed. Specifically, the Titab and the Busungbiu-Tunju were compared. An annual water balance analysis in the two sub-watersheds in 2013 and 2014 revealed that the ratio of base flow to the total discharge was larger in the Titab, which has a lower areal percentage of clove plantation, a higher percentage of coffee plantation, and a slightly higher percentage of natural forest than the Busungbiu-Tunju. Second, by applying the International Center for Water Hazard and Risk Management/Public Works Research Institute (ICHARM/PWRI) distributed hydrological model, discharges under the present land use and three scenarios of changed land use were predicted. By converting all coffee plantations to clove plantations, base flow decreased, direct runoff increased, and the peak discharge increased. By converting clove plantations at high elevation to coffee plantations, base flow increased, direct runoff decreased, and the peak discharge decreased when compared with the present. In converting all land uses to natural forests, base flow was the largest, direct runoff was the smallest, and the peak discharge was the smallest of all cases. Comparison between the three land uses, coffee plantations, clove plantations, and natural forests, revealed that the clove plantation has the highest possibility of causing a flood disaster, the coffee plantation has a possibility of preventing a flood disaster and increasing groundwater, and the natural forest has the highest possibility of preventing a flood disaster and increasing groundwater.
H. Oue (*) Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan e-mail: [email protected] S.G. Limin The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan © Springer Science+Business Media Singapore 2016 K. Nakagami et al. (eds.), Sustainable Water Management, DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-1204-4_4
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H. Oue and S.G. Limin
Keywords Coffee plantation • Clove plantation • Natural forest • Water balance • Direct runoff • Base flow • Distributed model for discharge • Intake rate • Land-use scenario
4.1
Introduction
Natural tropical forests have been considerably converted among others to plantation forests in Indonesia. Though plantation forests are important for economic resources, they should be expected to have positive effects on hydrological services. Hydrological processes in some plantation forests, including coffee, have been studied widely; however, processes in a clove plantation forest have not been studied sufficiently. In the upstream Saba River watershed in Bali, Indonesia, clov
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