Multivariate assessment of spatial and temporal variations in irrigation water quality in Lake Uluabat watershed of Turk
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Multivariate assessment of spatial and temporal variations in irrigation water quality in Lake Uluabat watershed of Turkey Ibrahim Yurtseven & Timothy O. Randhir
Received: 9 May 2020 / Accepted: 28 October 2020 # Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Irrigation water quality has important implications on salinity, ion toxicity, production cost, and crop failures. There is a need for a comprehensive analysis of spatial and temporal dynamics in parameters at a watershed scale. This information is critical for irrigation management in agricultural production. The Lake Uluabat watershed is a significant agricultural area of Turkey, which is studied using monitored water data. Multivariate assessment is performed using cluster analysis (CA), discriminant analysis (DA), principal component analysis (PCA), and factor analysis (FA) to evaluate temporal and spatial variations in water quality in the watershed. The data is processed by clustering, reducing data dimensionality, delineating indicator parameters, assessing source identification, and evaluating temporal changes and spatial patterns. The results show that the most representative discriminant parameters had more than 90.98% validity in both temporal and spatial analyses. Runoff rate (Q) and water temperature (WT) were identified in the temporal study, while spatial analysis showed bicarbonate (HCO3−), sulfate (SO42−), I. Yurtseven Department of Watershed Management, Faculty of Forestry, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, 34473 Istanbul, Turkey e-mail: [email protected] T. O. Randhir (*) Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts, 160 Holdsworth Way, Holdsworth Hall, Amherst, MA, USA e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected]
and boron (B3+) as indicators. Salinity, sodicity, boron hazard, and alkalinity affect both spatial and temporal water quality patterns in the watershed. It is observed that continued use of poor-quality irrigation water can adversely affect agriculture and soil health in a watershed. Spatio-temporal relationships in parameters will be useful in sustainable irrigation management and farm planning for improving crop productivity and soil health. Keywords Irrigation water quality . Watershed analysis . Spatial and temporal variations . Multivariate assessment . Turkey
Introduction With the rapid growth in world population, meeting the increased demand for food, fiber, and fuel remains a challenge in sustainable agricultural production. The population growth and impacts of climate change (IPCC 2006) are expected to increase food products’ production by 60% by 2050 (Wise 2013). The global net irrigation requirements are expected to increase by over 50% in developing regions and 16% in developed areas (Fischer et al. 2007). Extensive water use for irrigation may lead to higher pressure on available water resources. Irrigation accounts for 70% of all freshwater (estimated at 4000 km3/year) used globally (Fischer et al. 2007; FAO 2017). With 330 Mha (million hectares) of land irrigated today (FAO 20
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