Low-complexity reversible data hiding in encrypted image via MSB hierarchical coding and LSB compression
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SPECIAL ISSUE PAPER
Low‑complexity reversible data hiding in encrypted image via MSB hierarchical coding and LSB compression Fang Cao1 · Xiaokang Qian2 · Bowen An1 Received: 3 June 2020 / Accepted: 22 September 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Recently, reversible data hiding in encrypted image (RDHEI) has attracted extensive attention, which can be used in secure cloud computing and privacy protection effectively. In this paper, a low-complexity RDHEI scheme based on MSB hierarchical coding and LSB compression is proposed. Content owner first utilizes a specific encryption method, including pixel encrypting, block, and pixel scrambling, to encrypt original image, which not only can reserve the redundancy, but also can mask image contents securely. Through hierarchical encoding MSBs of different types of image blocks and compressing LSBs, data hider can embed additional data into encrypted image effectively. Separable operations of data extraction, image decryption, and image recovery can be conducted on the receiver side based on encryption key and data-hiding key. Experimental results demonstrate that our scheme can achieve better rate-distortion performance than some of state-of-theart schemes. Keywords Reversible data hiding · Image encryption · Hierarchical coding · LSB compression
1 Introduction Data hiding technique in digital images uses visual or coding redundancy of images to embed additional data [1–4]. The attacker cannot perceive the difference between the embedded image and the original image with the naked eye, and thus, data hiding can be utilized to guarantee the security of communication [5]. In recent years, data hiding has attracted extensive attention of researchers. Reversible data hiding (RDH) refers to the technique that can restore the original image without any distortions after extracting the embedded data from the embedded image [6–12]. Data hiding is usually used to realize covert communication or protect the * Fang Cao [email protected] * Bowen An [email protected] Xiaokang Qian [email protected] 1
College of Information Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China
School of Optical‑Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
2
copyright of digital images, while reversible data hiding usually focuses on high confidentiality occasions such as medical images, military images, etc. In these scenarios, any distortions to digital images may cause serious consequences. With the rapid growth of cloud computing and storage requirements, privacy protection of image content owners has attracted extensive attention [13]. The content owner wants the data hider to realize additional data hiding, but is not willing to disclose private contents of their images. Therefore, reversible data hiding in encrypted image (RDHEI) has been developed under this background. RDHEI combines the advantages of image encryption and data hiding [14–18]. While protecting o
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