Macrophage polarization in intestinal inflammation and gut homeostasis
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Inflammation Research
REVIEW
Macrophage polarization in intestinal inflammation and gut homeostasis Tamara Cristina Moreira Lopes1 · David M. Mosser2 · Ricardo Gonçalves1 Received: 3 February 2020 / Revised: 21 July 2020 / Accepted: 30 August 2020 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Gut homeostasis is a process that requires a prudent balance of host responses to the beneficial enteric microbial community and the pathogenic stimuli that can arise. The lack of this balance in the intestine can result in inflammatory bowel diseases, where the immune system dysfunctions leading to exacerbated inflammatory responses. In this process, macrophages are considered to play a pivotal role. In this review, we describe the important role of macrophages in maintaining intestinal homeostasis and we discuss how altered macrophage function may lead to inflammatory bowel diseases. The plasticity of macrophages during the gut inflammatory response shows the broad role of these cells in orchestrating not only the onset of inflammation but also its termination as well as healing and repair. Indeed, the state of macrophage polarization can be the key factor in defining the resolution or the progression of inflammation and disease. Here, we discuss the different populations of macrophages and their implication in development, propagation, control and resolution of inflammatory bowel diseases. Keywords Macrophages · Homeostasis · Inflammation · Inflammatory bowel diseases · IBD
Introduction Macrophages are mononuclear phagocytes that play important roles in innate and adaptive immune responses. These cells are present in almost all tissues [1] and can efficiently and rapidly detect pathogens and tissue destruction, due to their ability to recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) [2, 3]. They express surface and intracellular receptors that can bind PAMPs or DAMPs, leading to different immune responses. Molecules such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs), NOD-like receptors, mannose receptors, fibronectin receptors, complement receptors and even Fc-gamma receptors are just a few examples of these interactions [4]. Many Responsible Editor: H. Wang. * Ricardo Gonçalves [email protected] 1
Laboratório de Biologia de Macrófagos e Monócitos, Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas-Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270‑901, Brazil
Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
2
of these receptors are associated with the process of phagocytosis and the killing of pathogens due to the respiratory burst and the release of enzymes or other molecules [5, 6]. Macrophages can orchestrate innate and adaptive immune responses. During the recognition of pathogens, macrophages release chemokines and cytokines that can attract and activate other immune cells to the site of infection. This can lead to the amplification
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