Probiotic Bacillus amyloliquefaciens mediate M1 macrophage polarization in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Probiotic Bacillus amyloliquefaciens mediate M1 macrophage polarization in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages Jian Ji • Sheng-Lan Hu • Zhi-Wen Cui Wei-Fen Li
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Received: 15 December 2012 / Revised: 28 January 2013 / Accepted: 7 February 2013 / Published online: 2 March 2013 Ó Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013
Abstract Depending on the microenvironment, macrophages can acquire distinct functional phenotypes, referred to as classically activated M1 and M2. M1 macrophages are considered potent effector cells that kill intracellular pathogens, and M2 macrophages promote the resolution of wound healing. In this study, we are interested to know whether probiotic Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (Ba) can induce macrophages polarization. Real-time fluorescence PCR analysis demonstrated that the expression of IL-1b, iNOS, TNF-a and IL-6 genes for M1 macrophages was significantly increased at 1.5 h after probiotic Ba treatment compared to the probiotic Ba-free treatment (P \ 0.01), whereas the expression of M2 macrophage marker genes (Arg1, Fizz1, MR, Ym1) was decreased (P \ 0.05). Furthermore, the phagocytic activity was dramatically increased in the Ba-treated BMDMs using a FITC-dextran endocytosis assay. Together, these findings indicated that probiotic Ba facilitated polarization of M1 macrophages and enhanced its phagocytic capacity. The results expanded our knowledge about probiotic function-involved macrophage polarization. Keywords Mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages M1 macrophages M2 macrophage Probiotic Bacillus amyloliquefaciens
Communicated by Erko Stackebrandt. J. Ji S.-L. Hu Z.-W. Cui W.-F. Li (&) Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Nutrition of Education of Ministry, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang Province, China e-mail: [email protected]
Abbreviations Ba Bacillus amyloliquefaciens NO Nitric oxide DMEM Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium MFI Mean fluorescence intensity BMDMs Bone marrow-derived macrophages FACS Flow cytometry
Introduction Macrophages are key components of the innate immune system and provide protection against a wide variety of infections and critically shape the inflammatory environment in many tissues (Fairweather and Cihakova 2009; Schulz et al. 2012). Depending on the microenvironment, macrophages can acquire distinct functional phenotypes, referred to as classically activated M1 and M2 (Gordon 2003; Mantovani et al. 2004). Classic M1 macrophage activation in response to IFN-c is characterized by high capacity to present antigen, high iNOS, IL-6, TNF-a and IL-1b mRNA genes expression and increased production of nitric oxide (NO). Thus, M1 macrophages are generally considered potent effector cells that kill intracellular pathogens and tumor cells (Benoit et al. 2008). In contrast, alternative activation of M2 macrophages is promoted by various signals (e.g., IL-4), consistent with the high mRNA expression of Arg1, Fizz1, Ym1 and MR. M2 macrophages can be involved in the inflammatory responses, scavenge debris, a
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