Macrophage Polarization Induced by Probiotic Bacteria: a Concise Review
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Macrophage Polarization Induced by Probiotic Bacteria: a Concise Review Yang Wang 1
&
Huawei Liu 1 & Jinshan Zhao 1
# Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2019
Abstract Macrophages display remarkable plasticity and can possess distinct functions in response to different environmental stimuli. Classically activated macrophages (M1 macrophages) are pro-inflammatory and have a critical role in host defense against infection, while alternatively activated macrophages (M2 macrophages) suppress inflammatory responses and associated with wound repair. Probiotic bacteria are reported to have a beneficial effect on the host immune status through their ability to modulate the macrophage polarization. Some probiotic strains are reported to activate macrophages to M1 phenotype to kill intracellular pathogens, while some other probiotics can induce M2 macrophages to exert the anti-inflammatory effect. Thus, this review will focus on the immunomodulatory role of probiotics in macrophage polarization and summarize the mode of action of probiotics in regulating macrophage plasticity. The detailed understanding of the immunomodulatory signaling effects of probiotic bacteria will broaden our understanding of how probiotics may regulate the immune system and find their therapeutic potentials for inflammatory diseases. Keywords Probiotics . Polarization . M1 macrophage . M2 macrophage . Inflammation
Introduction Macrophages are important immune effector cells that differentiated from circulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells, which migrate into tissue in the steady state or in response to inflammation [1]. Macrophages play vital roles in the immune system. In the innate immune system, macrophages defend against foreign pathogens and coordinate leukocyte infiltration through phagocytosis and subsequent degradation of apoptotic cells, microbes, and neoplastic cells [2]. In the acquired immunity, macrophages interact with T and B cells based on the release of cytokines, chemokines, enzymes, arachidonic acid metabolites, and reactive radicals [3]. Based on different stimuli, macrophages can be activated into two extreme subsets, classically activated macrophages (M1) and alternatively activated macrophages (M2). M1 macrophages
are considered as potent effector cells that kill intracellular pathogens, and M2 macrophages promote the resolution of wound healing [4]. Given the interaction between macrophages and the immune system, growing interest now focuses on the manipulation of macrophage polarization to promote health. Probiotics are live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host [5]. In recent decades, augmenting research has revealed that probiotics can exert beneficial effects on immune function [6–9]. Notably, evidence has also shown that probiotic bacteria possess significant abilities in regulating macrophage polarization both in vivo and in vitro [4, 10, 11]. Thus, with the increasing popularity of probiotic bacteria, this literature reviews
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